Abstract
A mass vaccination campaign in India seeks to control and eventually eradicate foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). Biosanitary measures along with FMD monitoring are being conducted along with vaccination. The implementation of the FMD control program has drastically reduced the incidence of FMD. However, cases are still reported, even in regions where vaccination is carried out regularly. Control of FMD outbreaks is difficult when the virus remains in circulation in the vaccinated population. Various FMD risk factors have been identified that are responsible for FMD in vaccinated areas. The factors are discussed along with strategies to address these challenges. The current chemically inactivated trivalent vaccine formulation containing strains of serotype O, A, and Asia 1 has limitations including thermolability and induction of only short-term immunity. Advantages and disadvantages of several new-generation alternate vaccine formulations are discussed. It is unfeasible to study every incidence of FMD in vaccinated animals/areas in such a big country as India with its huge livestock population. However, at the same time, it is absolutely necessary to identify the precise reason for vaccination failure. Failure to vaccinate is one reason for the occurrence of FMD in vaccinated areas. FMD epidemiology, emerging and re-emerging virus strains, and serological status over the past 10 years are discussed to understand the impact of vaccination and incidences of vaccination failure in India. Other factors that are important in vaccination failure that we discuss include disrupted herd immunity, health status of animals, FMD carrier status, and FMD prevalence in other species. Recommendations to boost the search of alternate vaccine formulation, strengthen the veterinary infrastructure, bolster the real-time monitoring of FMD, as well as a detailed investigation and documentation of every case of vaccination failure are provided with the goal of refining the control program.
Highlights
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious and economically important disease of cloven-hoofed domestic and wild ruminants including cattle, buffalo, swine, goats, and sheep [1,2].High body temperature and appearance of vesicular lesions on oro-nasal mucosa, interdigital cleft, coronary band, udder, and teats epithelium are primary characteristics of the disease
Successful control and eradication of the disease in these countries using inactivated vaccines is well documented and available for other countries to follow the progressive control of the disease as envisaged in the progressive control pathway (PCP) pathway
FMD control program (FMDCP) was initiated in India in the year 2003
Summary
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious and economically important disease of cloven-hoofed domestic and wild ruminants including cattle, buffalo, swine, goats, and sheep [1,2]. Epidemiological complexity, increasing movement of animals and animal products in the international market, high infectivity rate, emergence of new variants, interface of domestic and wild animals, lack of highly potent vaccines, and lack of required infrastructure are some of the key factors that hinder the control and the eradication of FMD in endemic settings [18]. The details of both conventional and new-generation advances in FMDV vaccine design and formulation are discussed from the perspective of the use in India. It is crucially important to understand the advantages and the disadvantages of new-generation and conventional FMD vaccines, the details of the epidemiology of FMD in India, and the limiting factors accounting for vaccine failures and design of strategies to counter failures and strengthen the available infrastructure in India to implement an effective FMD prevention and control program
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