Abstract
As seen by prior tragic outbreaks in many places throughout the world, the foot and mouth disease virus, or "FMDV," is one of the most critical challenges in animal health. In this review, the major features of FMDV, as well as aspects of its interactions with cells and hosts, were discussed. On the other hand, present and upcoming FMD treatment approaches. The first vertebrate virus found was the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). A capsid protein and the viral genome (+ve sense single strand RNA) make up FMDV. The icosahedral symmetry of the viral structure is made up of structural proteins (VP1, VP2, VP3, and VP4) as well as non-structural proteins (L, 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 2A, 2B, 2C, 3A, 3B, 3C, and 3D). The viral replication takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell. Because FMDV has a short incubation period, it spreads quickly. Direct contact is the most often used method of FMDV transmission. The occurrence of direct contact via aerosol and mechanical transmission (fomites, feed, and water). The immunological response is stimulated by the infection with FMD. However, due to virus antigenic diversity, the immune response does not always protect against FMD (antigenic shift). FMDV is divided into seven serotypes based on antigenic variation. O, A, C, SAT-1, SAT-2, SAT-3, and Asia-1 are the serotypes in question. O is the most frequent serotype.
Highlights
Foot and mouth disease virus was the first animal virus found
Direct contact is the most prevalent method of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection; aerosol and mechanical viral dispersion through water, feed, and fomites can result in infection over great distances
The infection triggers a rapid immune response, protection to one FMDV isolation may not consistently protect against others according to antigenic variation
Summary
Foot and mouth disease virus was the first animal virus found. It consists of 8500 base-positive-sense, a single-stranded RNA genome, arranged into three main parts: a small, poly-adenylated 3′ end and linked protein at the 5′ end. The predominantly T-cell-mediated lymphoproliferative response "CD4+" involves activation of the B cell, and the synthesis of antimicrobials in animals and pigs [23] These T-helping cells that define a wide range of non- structural proteins and viral epitopes in capsid are probable to be important to support FMDV by encouraging antibody production and producing an environment that is perfect for synergistic immune response. Lateral Flow test Is an antigen-capture assays or chromatographic band tests permit swift diagnosis on the spot when a quick result is necessary in endemic areas and reference laboratories These tests detect antigens of FMDV in vesicular fluids or epithelial suspensions from infected animals using monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies [27]. Complement fixation test (Indirect) The World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) recommends that only if the FMDV ELISA test is not available is the indirect additional fixation test [25, 29]
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