Food Supply of Partisan Formations of Belarus During the Nazi Occupation (Based on the Materials of the Vitebsk Region)

Aim. Analysis of oral and printed propaganda activities of the Crimean underground during the Great Patriotic War.Methodology. The source base of the research was materials introduced into scientific circulation for the first time from: funds of the State Archive of the Republic of Crimea, the municipal archive of the city of Saki, funds of the Museum of Military Glory of the «Center for the Development of Children's and Youth Creativity» of the city of Yalta, as well as the newspaper fund of the Crimean Republican Universal Scientific Library named after I. Franko. Agitation and propaganda activities included the distribution of printed materials (leaflets, newspapers, brochures), samizdat, radio propaganda, oral conversations.Results. Conclusions were obtained on the degree of informational and moral-psychological impact of the agitation and propaganda work of the Crimean underground during the Great Patriotic War on the civilian population under Nazi occupation and on the troops of the satellites of Hitler’s Germany – Romanian and Slovak military personnel.Research implications. The results of the study can be used to study the history of World War II and the Great Patriotic War, patriotic education, and to counteract the falsification and distortion of the events of 1941–1945, not only in the Russian Federation, but also abroad.

The paper deals with one of the little-studied issues in the history of the resistance movement during the Great Patriotic War, namely, the participation of Soviet prisoners of war in the anti-fascist struggle in the ranks of the Communist underground organization in occupied Sevastopol in 1943–1944. The purpose of this article was to study the formation and structure of the aforementioned organization, as well as the involvement in the antifascist struggle of Soviet prisoners of war, and to identify the effect of their activities on the general course of the anti-Hitler struggle in occupied Crimea. The objects of the research are the underground group headed by Nikolai Ignatyevich Tereshchenko (pseudonym Mikhailov), which was part of the Communist underground organization, and the places where it carried out its anti-fascist operations: camps for Soviet prisoners of war around Sevastopol and in the city itself, especially after Tereshchenko’s escape from German captivity. The study was performed within the framework of the large-scale All-Russian educational project “Without Statute of Limitations” aimed at preserving historical memory. Along with providing insights into the tragedy of the civilian population of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War, the paper highlights the heroic deeds of the anti-fascist resistance movement in the temporarily occupied territory of the Soviet Union and demonstrates the contribution of individuals and groups to the defeat of Nazi Germany and its satellites. The author used documents that were declassified in the course of this project by the Federal Security Service Office for the Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol and transferred to the Sevastopol Archives. The analysis revealed a significant feature of the Sevastopol underground: prisoners of war were one of the most important components of the Communist underground organization, performing risky and dangerous tasks deep behind enemy lines. According to the plan, in the event of a Black Sea Fleet landing, it was the prisoners of war who were supposed to be the striking force and spark an armed uprising in the occupied city. Consequently, it is concluded that Soviet prisoners of war were one of the combat weapons teams of the Sevastopol underground movement, which carried out various operations: reconnaissance, agitation and propaganda, as well as sabotage and subversion deep behind enemy lines.

The article is devoted to the Belarusian printed periodicals of the frontline and underground publications during the Great Patriotic War (1941—1945). The article considers the restructuring of the Belarusian Soviet press in connection with the beginning of the Great Patriotic War. The frontline Belarusian periodicals are analyzed. The creation of underground and partisan printing houses operating during the war in the temporarily occupied territory of Belarus is described. It is shown that the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Belarus (CC CP(B)B) and the Central Headquarters of the Partisan Movement (CHPM) organized a wide network of underground newspapers behind enemy lines. It is concluded that the underground press became a formidable weapon in the hands of the partisans and underground fighters in their fight against the Nazi invaders during the Great Patriotic War.

The aim of this study was to determine the physical and microbiological quality of chicken meat produced by the different type of enterprise slaughterhouse in Karanganyar District. The number of 20 poultry slaughterhouses was determined by convenience sampling method. The samples of chicken meat were randomly collected from medium enterprise poultry slaughterhouses (n=12) and small enterprise poultry slaughterhouses (n=8). A survey was carried out among poultry slaughterhouses in Karanganyar District. All the samples were subjected to physical quality consisted of pH test, texture, and color, while microbiological quality consisted of total plate count, microbial detection of Escherichia coli and Salmonella. The data were analyzed using descriptive quantitative analysis. The study showed that chicken meat in 6 small enterprise slaughterhouses and 11 medium enterprise slaughterhouses had normal pH of 5.81 - 6.3. Color and texture of chicken meats had relatively normal in both small and medium enterprise slaughterhouses. The total plate count of chicken meat showed in both small and medium enterprise slaughterhouses was <1x106 CFU/gr. The test of bacterial contamination showed that 3 of small and medium enterprise slaughterhouses were positively contaminated by Escherichia coli of >1x101 CFU/gr, and Salmonella was detected in 1 medium enterprise slaughterhouse. The overall results of the study suggest that the potential risk of chicken meat contamination depends on the processing of chicken meat in poultry slaughterhouses.

Relying on a wide range of sources the article analyzes the Siberians’ participation in the partisan movement in the enemy’s rear during the Great Patriotic War. The paper shows the role of party, state and public organizations in mobilization of the Siberians to self-sacrificing struggle against the German fascist occupants. The author focuses on the organization and content of educational work in partisan brigades and units. The paper provides the examples of the Siberians’ courage and heroism when performing combat missions. Special attention is paid to the partisan commanders’ reports describing the Nazis’ atrocities against the civil population within Belorussia’s territory.

The article focuses on the publication activities of post-Soviet archives within the framework of memorial events in honor of the 75th anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War. The authors note a wide variety of forms for these events, paying special attention to the publication of collections of documents and materials addressed to various topics and issues associated with the Great Patriotic War and post-war events. First of all, that is the tragedy and heroic deed of the civilian population of the Soviet Union during the war, including the participation of civilians in the partisan movement, as well as the history of military everyday life and the psychology of the Soviet soldier and the Soviet internationalism in the context of the war and post-war events. The analysis of the publication activities of the archives of the member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States allows the authors to conclude that it was the archives of the Russian Federation that led the most energetic publication activities, implementing both regional and federal anniversary publication projects (among the latter, the authors distinguish the all-Russian project “With No Status of Limitation”). As early as in the first half of the anniversary year 2020, archivists of the Russian Federation prepared collections covering the participation of Russian regions in the Great Patriotic War. Unlike the Russian archives, the archives of other member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States in 2019 – the first half of 2020 were less productive in their publication activities. However, the authors note the publications of the National Archives of the Republic of Belarus (already published:“Khatyn. On the Way to Recognition. Documents and Materials” and “Operational Summaries of the Belarusian Headquarters of the Partisan Movement. January–July 1944”, were announced: the publication of document collections related to the operation “Cormorant” and the restoration of agriculture in the Belarusian SSR in 1946–1950); of the State Archives of Minsk Region (“Life during War” collection was published), and the State Service of Records and Archives Management of the Trans-Dniester (Pridnestrovian) Moldavian Republic (“There is Such a Profession to Defend the Motherland” – an electronic collection of documents was prepared).

The article examines the forms and methods of the Nazi occupation authorities’ struggle against the partisan movement on the border territory of Belarus and the North-West of Russia. From the very first days of the occupation of the region, the German occupation bodies and services paid considerable attention to the development of the most effective forms and methods of combating the partisan movement. The fight against the partisan movement was based on a variety of reconnaissance work: aviation and combat reconnaissance, visual observation, intelligence intelligence work. Agent cadres were trained in special training centers (courses and schools) created by the German special services. Another form of struggle against the partisan movement was the organization and training of pseudo partisan detachments. Committing crimes under the guise of partisans against the civilian population, pseudo-partisan units discredited the partisans in the eyes of the civilian population, thereby depriving the resistance movement of social support and support. The study noted that the most massive and brutal method of fighting the partisan movement was punitive operations aimed at eliminating partisan detachments and brigades, seizing food, mass destruction and seizure of civilians for subsequent forced labor. It is shown that under the guise of fighting partisans, the Nazis punished not only adults, but also children and adolescents. To fight the partisan movement, the invaders also used agitation and propaganda work. Orders were regularly posted in public places urging the population to fight the partisans. A special place was occupied by anti-partisan agitation in the periodicals. Under the occupation, the forms and methods of fighting the resistance movement against the Nazi regime were constantly improved taking into account the gaining practical experience of the struggle by the invaders.

On the basis of documents from various archives, little-known pages of the history of the Orthodox Church in Belarus during the Great Patriotic War are being investigated. The main directions of activity of the Orthodox clergy during the years of the Nazi occupation, previously not of interest to the national historical science, are revealed. The author reflects the role of individual priests in the normalization and development of parish life and the salvation of parishioners. The examples show the forms of interaction of the Orthodox clergy with partisan and underground movements, the problems of relations with representatives of the occupying power and collaboration.

проблематика геноцида советского населения немецко-фашистскими захватчиками на оккупированных территориях СССР в последние годы стала особенно актуальной в изучение истории Великой Отечественной войны. Открытие архивных документов позволяет дать более объективный анализ событиям тех лет и осветить малоизученные вопросы, особенно на региональном уровне. В современной научной литературе проблематика нацистских преступлений против гражданского населения на территории районов вошедших в состав современной Липецкой области практически не изучена, что определяет актуальность темы исследования. В период Великой Отечественной войны, на территорию современной Липецкой области, немецко-фашистские захватчики вторгались дважды – в ноябре-декабре 1941 года, в ходе битвы за Москву и частично с 2 июля 1942 года по январь 1943 года. В ходе проведенного исследования установлены факты пыток мирных жителей, расстрелов иприменение смертной казни через повешение за малейшее неповиновение, сожжения заживо детей и престарелых, повсеместного расхищения и уничтожения материальных и культурных ценностей, разрушение системы здравоохранения и продовольственного обеспечения, что способствовало увеличению смертности среди гражданского населения от последующих болезней и голода. Количество жертв от нацистских преступлений в регионе исчисляется тремя тысячами человек. 25 июля 2024 года Липецкий областной суд в целях защиты национальных интересов Российской Федерации, а также восстановления исторической справедливости, признал геноцидом действия немецко-фашистских захватчиков на территории современной Липецкой области.В данной статье на основе анализа архивных документов, воспоминаний очевидцев проводится детальное изучение масштаба экономических преступлений, совершенных нацистами в период оккупации и затронувших жизни тысячи мирных граждан. Автор статьи подчеркивает необходимость изучения проблем геноцида для сохранения исторической памяти о преступлениях немецко-фашистских захватчиков в целях противодействия распространению фашистской идеологии в современном обществе. the issue of genocide of the Soviet population by the Nazi invaders in the occupied territories of the USSR has become particularly relevant in recent years in the study of the history of the Great Patriotic War. The opening of archival documents allows us to give a more objective analysis of the events of those years and to highlight little-studied issues, especially at the regional level. In modern scientific literature, the issue of Nazi crimes against the civilian population in the areas that became part of the modern Lipetsk region has been practically not studied, which determines the relevance of the research topic. During the Great Patriotic War, the Nazi invaders invaded the territory of the modern Lipetsk region twice - in November-December 1941, during the Battle of Moscow and partially from July 2, 1942 to January 1943. The conducted research established facts of torture of civilians, executions and the use of the death penalty by hanging for the slightest disobedience, burning alive of children and the elderly, widespread plundering and destruction of material and cultural values, destruction of the health care system and food supply, which contributed to an increase in mortality among the civilian population from subsequent diseases and hunger. The number of victims of Nazi crimes in the region is estimated at three thousand people. On July 25, 2024, the Lipetsk Regional Court, in order to protect the national interests of the Russian Federation, as well as to restore historical justice, recognized the actions of the Nazi invaders on the territory of the modern Lipetsk region as genocide. This article, based on the analysis of archival documents and eyewitness accounts, provides a detailed study of the scale of economic crimes committed by the Nazis during the occupation and affecting the lives of thousands of civilians. The author of the article emphasizes the need to study the problems of genocide in order to preserve the historical memory of the crimes of the Nazi invaders in order to counter the spread of fascist ideology in modern society.

The formation of the partisan units in the rear of the advancing Nazi troops and the establishment of resistance in the first months of the Great Patriotic War were led by the party and Soviet authorities, intelligence departments and political administrations of the Red Army fronts and USSR state security agencies. As some leaders of the first partisan detachments noted, there was an abundance of organisers, but in reality the resistance was literally stuck at the beginning of the war. The paper studies the development and operation of the central headquarters of the partisan movement, its cooperation with the Red Army and state security agencies with the aim of improving the leadership and the effectiveness of intelligence, sabotage and combat operations of partisan units in occupied Soviet territories during the Great Patriotic War. The author points out deficiencies that existed in the organisation of the partisan resistance and draws conclusions about the positive role of the central headquarters of the partisan movement in the organisation and management of combat efforts behind enemy lines.

Introduction. In Russian historiography, there are works devoted to the Nazi occupation policy on the USSR occupied territories, with historians focusing on the study of the occupation regime policies, the problems of military everyday life, and the partisan movement. The article aims to study pertinent archival documents to reveal the character of the Nazi occupation regime on the territory of the Kalmyk ASSR. Materials and methods. The source base of the research comprised the archival materials of the Extraordinary State Commission for Ascertaining and Investigating Crimes Perpetrated by the German-Fascist Invaders and their Accomplices and the Republic’s State Commission for Investigating Crimes Perpetrated by the German-Fascist Invaders and their Accomplices. The materials are largely introduced by the authors into scientific circulation for the first time. The research was based on comparative-historical and statistical methods, the method of source studies, structural-diachronic and system analysis. Results. The article sheds light on the basic principles of the Nazi occupation policy, on the occupiers’ crimes against the civilian population, their economic policy, and the organization of forced labor in the Republic, including compulsory transfer of the population to Germany. Conclusions. The armies of the Wehrmacht followed the program of extermination of millions of civilians, which was set out in the plan “Ost”. The Nazi policy towards the civilian population of Kalmyk ASSR was characterized by the most severe repression for any form of disobedience to the occupation authorities. The reasons for the violence could be any form of resistance against the invaders, contacts with partisans, and refusal of forced labor. The people had to pay numerous taxes, they were subjected to looting by soldiers and officers of the Wehrmacht and its allies. These and other acts of Nazi crimes must not be forgotten, liability for them has no statute of limitations.

Importance. The events of 80 years ago, which took place in the occupied territory of Soviet Belarus in 1941–1944, still cause controversy among both domestic and foreign historians. The insufficient degree of study of certain issues related to the activities of the USSR state security agencies in the development of the partisan movement on the territory of Soviet Belarus in 1941–1944 gave rise to speculation and falsifications. The purpose of the study is to show the historical events taking place on the territory of Soviet Belarus in 1941–1944, as well as the activities of the militarypolitical leadership of the country and the state security agencies of the USSR in organizing the partisan movement in the republic.Materials and Methods. The research is based on archival documents of the Russian State Archives of Socio-Political History and the National Archives of the Republic of Belarus. Both general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis were used, as well as synchronistic, historicalsystemic, typological, historical-comparative.Results and Discussion. The partisan movement that unfolded in the occupied territory of Belarus during the Great Patriotic War became a nationwide struggle for the freedom and independence of the Soviet Union. Invaluable assistance to the Red Army in the fight against the invaders was provided by the partisans of Belarus, who systematically carried out sabotage in the rear of the enemy troops. Not only the military-political leadership of the country, but also the state security agencies of the USSR took an active part in the organization and deployment of the national struggle in the occupied territory of Belarus.Conclusion. The joint activities of the military-political leadership of the country and the state security agencies of the USSR played a great role in the organization of the partisan movement in the temporarily occupied territory of Soviet Belarus in 1941–1944, which provided significant assistance to the Red Army in the fight against the Nazi invaders.

This work highlights the architectural and urban planning structure development of Rostov-on-Don in the first half of the twentieth century. The problem of restoring the architectural appearance of the city after the Great Patriotic War has not been sufficiently studied and requires a more complete study, despite a significant number of historical and regional studies and works on the history of architecture of Rostov-on-Don. The article reflects the main problems identified by architects in the 1920s and 1930s and attempts to solve them in the pre-war and post-war periods. The stages and conditions of restoration of the destruction of the city caused by two occupations during the Great Patriotic War are presented. The restoration concept of 15 RSFSR cities is described. The principles of restoration and their implementation on the example of Rostov-on-Don are considered. The evolution of the city’s architectural appearance is presented. The Triumph of Victory over the Nazi occupiers is shown.KeywordsUrban planningRestorationArchitectural appearanceRostov-on-DonHistory of architectureReconstructionPlanning structureGeneral planUrban landscaping structurePost-war restoration

The article attempts to highlight the activities of Latvian police battalions and Legionnaires "Wafen SS" during the great Patriotic war in the territory of the Belarusian SSR. Some issues related to the establishment, structure and participation of Latvian police units and formations in punitive operations carried out by the occupation authorities on the territory of Belarus against partisans and civilians are highlighted. The author focuses on the fact that during the struggle against the Nazi occupiers and their accomplices, the Belarusian people suffered huge losses. The article provides examples of cruelty and atrocities committed by the punishers of special SS units and police units that took part in the massacres of the civilian population of the Republic. The conclusion is confirmed that the Nazi occupation authorities, during the great Patriotic war, purposefully pursued a policy of genocide against the population who found themselves in the occupied territory, including in Belarus.

The Soviet partisan movement was easily the largest resistance movement in World War II, with possibly half a million active participants.1 Yet it remained a marginal phenomenon compared to the 70 million people living in German-occupied parts of the Soviet Union.2 Nevertheless, shortly after the war, Soviet officials began speaking of the partisan war as a nationwide mass movement (vsenardonoe partizanskoe dvizhenie). For example, the Deputy Chief of the Central Staff of the Partisan Movement, Lavrentii Tsanava, used this term as the title of his book on the Soviet underground movement, which was the first overall account on this topic published in the Soviet Union.3 This remained the official interpretation, used in Soviet historiography, of historians such as Pantaleimon Ponomarenko or the collective of historians that issued the largest account on the partisan movement in Belorussia.4 To bring the above figures in line with this interpretation, Soviet propaganda claimed that the partisan movement and the local population had possessed an inseparable unity: it was widely accepted in Soviet historiography that partisans had acted in support of the civilian population and vice versa.5 Conversely, German sources, such as the reports from the occupied eastern territories (Meldungen aus den besetzten Ostgebieten) present a completely different picture, accusing partisans of terrorising the local inhabitants.6 Although this might easily be viewed as an example of Nazi ideology demonising its opponents, this image is partly supported by the large quantity of partisan files deposited in post-Soviet archives, which were opened following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.KeywordsDefendVasilMastPlagueKalininThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.