Abstract
Excessive dietary sodium intake increases blood pressure and cardiovascular risk. In Western diets, the majority of dietary sodium comes from packaged and prepared foods (≈75%); however, in Mexico there is no available data on the main food sources of dietary sodium. The main objective of this study was to identify and characterize the major food sources of dietary sodium in a sample of the Mexican Salt and Mexico (SALMEX) cohort. Adult male and female participants of the SALMEX study who provided a complete and valid three-day food record during the baseline visit were included. Overall, 950 participants (mean age 38.6 ± 10.7 years) were analyzed to determine the total sodium contributed by the main food sources of sodium identified. Mean daily sodium intake estimated by three-day food records and 24-h urinary sodium excretion was 2647.2 ± 976.9 mg/day and 3497.2 ± 1393.0, in the overall population, respectively. Processed meat was the main contributor to daily sodium intake, representing 8% of total sodium intake per capita as measured by three-day food records. When savory bread (8%) and sweet bakery goods (8%) were considered together as bread products, these were the major contributor to daily sodium intake, accounting for the 16% of total sodium intake, followed by processed meat (8%), natural cheeses (5%), and tacos (5%). These results highlight the need for public health policies focused on reducing the sodium content of processed food in Mexico.
Highlights
Excessive dietary sodium intake increases blood pressure [1] and increases risk of hypertension, cardiovascular disease, stroke and chronic kidney disease [2,3,4,5,6,7]
Based on the rationale that a 5% DV or less provided by a product-specific serving size is considered low [25], we focused on products with sodium content >120 mg/100 g of product in order to ensure inclusion of moderate-sodium food items that may represent a relevant food source of sodium in this population
950 participants with a complete and valid three-day food record were included for analysis of food sources of sodium, while only those with a complete 24-h urine sample (n = 698) were considered for estimating 24-h urinary sodium excretion
Summary
Excessive dietary sodium intake increases blood pressure [1] and increases risk of hypertension, cardiovascular disease, stroke and chronic kidney disease [2,3,4,5,6,7]. 3735 mg/day among men, as measured by 24-h urinary sodium excretion [10] These data show that sodium intake in Mexican population is higher than the World Health Organization (WHO). Recommended intake of less than 2000 mg/sodium per day, a level set to reduce blood pressure and cardiovascular risk at the population level [11]. Together, these data highlight the need for Nutrients 2017, 9, 810; doi:10.3390/nu9080810 www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients
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