Food Security and Industrial Clustering in Northeast Asia

Agri-industry parks, 290-293 Agribusiness in Egypt, 292-293 trends, 287 Agribusiness MSMEs challenges facing, 295 impact of internal issues, 297-298 impact of market-related issues on, 295 Agricluster (see also Industrial clusters) business models and inclusive market development, 298-302 clustering and economics of competition, 283-284 limitation and future research, 302-304 link between agri-industrial clusters and growth of agribusiness, 284-290 MSMEs in economic progress, 282-283 research insights, 294-298 study methodology, 293-294

This paper proposes a general model of the flowchart approach to industrial cluster policy and applies this model to the automobile industry clusters of Guangzhou and Tianjin in China. The flowchart approach to industrial cluster policy is an action plan for prioritising policy measures in a time-ordered series. We reached the following two conclusions. First, we clarified the effects of Honda, Nissan, and Toyota in Guangzhou and the effect of Toyota in Tianjin on the automobile industry clustering. Second, we established that local governments play a crucial role in successful industrial cluster policy, and that the mayor of the local government should be offered incentives to target industrial clustering and implement cluster policy.

An understanding of how land use efficiency and industrial clusters interact helps one to make informed decisions that balance economic benefits with sustainable urban development. The emergence of industrial clusters is a result of market behavior, while the determination of administrative boundaries is a result of government behavior. When these two are not consistent, it can lead to distortions in the allocation of land resources. However, current research on industrial development and land use efficiency is based on agglomeration within administrative regions rather than on industrial clusters. This study addresses this gap by identifying industrial clusters based on the spatial distribution of enterprises and analyzing their impact on land use efficiency. This study uses the density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN) algorithm to identify industrial clusters, the convex hull algorithm to study their morphology, and spatial econometrics to measure the relationship between land use efficiency and the scale of industrial clusters. The results indicate the following: (1) the density of manufacturing industry (MI) clusters is significantly higher than that of information technology industry (ITI) clusters, and larger industrial clusters tend to be more circular in shape; (2) there is a positive correlation between the scale of industrial clusters and land use efficiency, and industrial clusters with varying levels of land use efficiency are interspersed throughout; (3) significant differences exist between the boundaries of industrial clusters and administrative regions, which could lead to biases when analyzing land use efficiency based on administrative regions. This study provides theoretical support for government policies on improving land use efficiency in China.

The factors that comprise a cluster and the state of interorganizational networks will differ depending on the nature of the product, but incremental innovation that produces refined high-end goods appears to be essential for the continued growth of a cluster. This study investigates product improvement mechanisms in industry clusters, using Silicon Valley in the U.S., Cremona in north Italy, and Jingdezhen in China as case studies. In Silicon Valley, the defense, semiconductor, computer, IT, and biotech industries have advanced as industry clusters while transforming the environment and their domains. Silicon Valley is a model of a global industry cluster, as a representative example of a successful industrial cluster. Cremona is the birthplace of Antonio Stradivari, known as the world’s greatest violinmaker. Cremona’s revival as a violinmaking region happened after the establishment of a violinmaking school in 1938. Jingdezhen is a preeminent ceramics industry cluster in China, and its ceramics production began in the Han period. However, through state-run mass-production factory systems after the Cultural Revolution, the sophisticated products almost ceased to exist, and the current Jingdezhen ceramics industry appears to be something entirely different from what it was in the bygone age of prosperity. Based on these case analyses, the common factors for product improvement mechanisms in industrial clusters were found; (1) leadership by “Business Producers” who combine skills and creativity; (2) peer review; (3) discernment of high-end users; (4) and the sensitivity of tech people or artisans. The significance of this study is its attempt to grasp the innovation mechanisms underlying both cutting-edge and traditional industry clusters.

A large number of food industries concentrate in agricultural villages and regional cities, and food business there makes a significant contribution to both employment and economic growth in the region by its sales total. With the increasing globalization of agricultural market, in order to revitalize food industry and agriculture, it is essential for both of them to facilitate and deepen their cooperation at regional level by forming food industry cluster. Looking at the food industry cluster in view of the food system, the major challenges to the food industry cluster are to establish supply chain and value chain strategically, as well as to form vertically organized economic entities. The industrial cluster projects started by Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry in 2001 and the food industrial cluster projects introduced by Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishery in 2005 tend to play a role mostly in product development for enterprises in certain fields. Cooperation between food industry and agriculture can create mutually dependent relationship regarding management resources through transfer of technology, technical know-how, and information system, and by extension can trigger technical innovation. It will take time to reach the point where information sharing between both parties and their accumulated knowledge produce the learning effect.

本研究旨在探討產學合作中大學之角色與定位，撰寫之中心理念乃試圖由大學發展的歷史定位談起，透過檢視大學由追求真理、探索教育內涵，到近接市場的第三任務展開，其間功能與角色的轉變。在個案研究上，主要擇定日本為研究標的，並承上探究大學角色之變遷為基調，透過研究日本產業聚集(cluster)中大學產學合作活動之概況，著眼於其相關論述與實證文獻之動態探討與研究，以期能明瞭市場化機制運作下的現今大學，如何能在產學合作方面所發揮實質效益？大學對於國家發展所真正能予以的扶助，是否導致大學角色與定位的混沌不明？又透過本研究，如何能重新檢視大學的地位，以使其能在教學、研究、服務三者間取得平衡？ 本研究圍繞以從日本產學合作政策為出發，由其運作、機制及其發展，以檢視大學角色之轉變為主軸概念。事實上，在日本，大學的確佔有重要的科技創新資源，其不僅擁有大批優秀研究開發人才，也裝備有國家重點實驗室及高新技術開發中心。透過產學官合作，激發了大學的科技創新意識和巨大潛力，並使大學、企業、政府機構實現了資源共享和優勢互補，這對日本「知識產權立國戰略」的成敗，產生了決定性的影響。特別是在2004年日本通過國立大學法人化政策(Incorporation Policy of Japan’s National Universities)後，更為推進產學研合作邁開了一大步。此外，從「科學技術基本法」、「大學技術移轉促進法」到日本國立大法人化制度的實施，日本的產學研合作模式，除由原本的共同研究、委託研究、委託研究員制度、捐贈制度、設立共同研究中心、設置與學術有關的法人等多種合作形式，亦漸次朝向「大學創業」的產學模式開展。2001年日本提出的「平沼計畫」，即是希冀透過大學衍生企業(University Spin-off Venture Business, USVB)的發展，致力於促進大學研究成果實用化的工作，並期能活絡地域經濟的發展，促使日本創造新的產業，為國家取得競爭優勢。又在日本產學合作政策中，充份結合區域發展為其重要特色之一。在產業聚集中大學產學合作之推動與發展，更為其方興未艾的議題。基此，本研究之主要目的乃在： 一、探討大學發展及其在市場機制運作下其功能與角色的轉變。 二、探討大學產學合作興起與發展趨勢。 三、探討大學產學合作理論模式及其內涵。 四、探討日本產學合作政策與產業聚集之發展概況。 五、評析日本技術先進首都圏地域產業聚集之產學合作形成之政策背景，探究其產學合作之政策效果，及其大學在聚集產學合作活動中所扮演之角色與定位。 六、根據本研究之待答問題，提出產學合作之相關具體結論與建議。 總的來說，透過本研究所獲致之主要發現及成果如下： 1.市場力量持續促動大學角色的轉變； 2.產學合作活動的方興未艾； 3.產學合作的質疑與衝突； 4.產學合作活動中大學角色與定位的明確化； 5.產學合作活動需建立起足夠之政策機制與誘因； 6.產學合作長期契約的建立與組織化； 7.運用產學合作深化產業聚集之發展。 在研究建議方面，則包括： 一、對於大學產學合作政策上之建議 1.提升產學合作誘因，減少產學歧異； 2.建構產學網絡機制，加速資源整合； 3.強化中介機構功能，促進功能發揮； 4.深化大學產學合作，創造產業價值； 5.營造產業創業環境，塑造創業氛圍； 6.借鑑國外發展經驗，融入本土精神； 7.推動大學法之發展，維縏學術自主。 二、對於後續研究之建議 1.在研究內容上，由於時間上之限制，僅得就單一國家進行文獻資料之分析與探討，建議後續研究可再擴張跨國比較之研究內容，俾為更深入之探究。 2.在研究範疇上，由於理論上之限制，建議後續研究可擴及其他區域進行相關研究。 3.在研究方法上，由於在實徵資料上，多引述二手資料之文獻與調查資訊，因此，對於區域內大學產學合作與產學實際互動之實際概況，無法全盤了解，建議後續研究應可做更為詳盡之調查與分析。 4.在理論基礎上，本研究引用產業聚集理論進行大學產學合作之相關研究，由於未進行實證上之調查，因此，關於分析大學研究在產業聚集內創新能力上的地理外溢效果無法獲得實際數據，也因而使本研究僅得就文獻資料進行質化分析，建議後續研究可據此建構研究模型（如Jaffeirm或Zvi Griliches等有關知識生產函數與計算大學研發外溢之概念），進一步分析大學對於區域產學合作之實際衝擊及效益。

With the rapid development of global economy, the industrial cluster has become the new trend of world economic development. So far, the industrial cluster mode with space as the main division has been formed. The cooperation of industrial clusters is dynamic. The industries in the cluster cooperate with each other for mutual benefit and win-win, occupying a place in the fierce market competition. In addition, the industrial cluster is also conducive to strengthen the international economic division of labor and points out the direction of regional industrial transfer. China is now in a critical period of economic development; the industrial cluster plays an important role in China's industrial transformation and economic development. At present, the most common regional development mode in China is industrial cluster. The emergence of industrial cluster accelerates the development of industrial regional economy and the balance of industrial layout. Industrial clusters occupy a key position in China's economic industry chain, and the development and change in industrial clusters will directly affect the development of the entire industrial chain. This study first simulates the evolution path of industrial cluster and then establishes the relevant data model. Finally, through repast simulation, it puts forward conclusions and suggestions according to the verification results. The construction of dynamic model can realize the simulation of industrial cluster theory. According to the simulation results, we can find that the ecosystem in different stages will produce different characteristics; the formation and evolution of industrial clusters are actually the epitome of market development. In this process, the government guidance and market regulation are needed to accelerate the formation of industrial cluster ecosystem and increase the scale of industrial cluster.

Subject. This article considers the issues of formation of an innovation and industrial cluster's strategy through the parallel and sequential real options method. Objectives. The article aims to develop an innovation and industrial cluster's strategy formation methodology using parallel and sequential real options. Methods. For the study, we used the compound real options technique. Results. The article presents an original methodology for developing an innovation and industrial cluster's development strategy, taking into account the assessment of the priorities of the cluster itself and the region where it is located. The process of forming a strategy for the development of a pilot cluster of the electric power industry in the Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, represented by PAO TNS Energo NN, is considered as a case study of the implementation of the presented methodology. Conclusions and Relevance. The presented methodology will help further realize the innovative potential available in the region. The results obtained can be useful to public authorities when planning the development of industrial and innovation clusters and the harmonious development of the country's regions.

Based on the approach of coevolution symbiosis and focusing on the mutual promotion of cluster development and entrepreneurial activity, the paper takes the lead to carry out a systemic study on entrepreneur and industry cluster from a microscopic perspective. It is pointed out in the paper that the symbiosis relationship between industry cluster and entrepreneur not only gives an impetus to entrepreneurial activity, but also prompts a transformation of knowledge spillover into a driving force behind the development of whole cluster. First, a rotary model is constructed to analyze the interaction between industry cluster based on knowledge capitalization and entrepreneurial activities. Then, an empirical study is carried out on statistics about 53 high-tech industry clusters in China to examine how knowledge learning activities impact on entrepreneurial activities through global knowledge linkages and local knowledge linkages.

In this chapter, we will take the concepts of Porter’s (1998, 2000) clusters and present an analysis of the feasibility of ongoing economic development in disaster regions, utilizing two new industry cluster models. The two clusters are the automobile industry, which targets the entire disaster region and where innovation comes from coagglomeration with different industries in megaregions, and the food industry, which, focusing on leveraging local resources, targets individual disaster-struck prefectures. This study applies a dynamic two-regional computable general equilibrium (D2SCGE) model, constructed in Chap. 5, assuming Scenario C (continuation of fiscal support for reconstruction on the basis of a new approach in a 5-year construction period from 2016 to 2020, following the intensive reconstruction period) as the base scenario. We constructed scenarios for each of these two clusters and evaluated the economic effects of each new industry cluster on disaster regions. A simulation analysis of scenarios for these two new clusters with positive and higher productivity in the coagglomerated industries reveals the following two effects: (i) economies of agglomeration from vertical and horizontal coagglomeration boost the real Gross regional Product (GRP) and productivity at the macro level when the two new industry clusters are formed jointly rather than separately and (ii) the clusters contribute to long-term, sustained growth in disaster region economies, thus reducing the gap between their growth and that of other regional economies. This can be interpreted to mean that the usual policies adopted, such as subsidies and corporate tax cuts, are unable to counteract economic stagnation resulting from sharp population decline in disaster regions. It also suggests that agglomeration externalities, evidenced by improved productivity in the formation of new food/automobile industry clusters, can offer sustained economic development in disaster regions.

Sufficient and stable supply of grain is the core of grain security. Since proposed, the industrial cluster theory has been gradually applied to the agricultural field. Since the reform and opening up, China's grain productivity has been substantially increased, but domestic grain supply is still inadequate. Although the agriculture in the optimized development area of our country is relatively developed at present, the grain production in the moderate development area and the protection development area are not optimistic. The major international grain export countries have formed the development model of grain industry cluster such as specialization and regionalization of grain production. China can draw lessons from their experience in many aspects, like providing advanced agricultural education, science and technology, and strong government security policy. Therefore, China should adjust the distribution of grain industry reasonably, actively guide the development of leading enterprises of grain industry, establish and improve the supporting policy of grain industry, and promote the development of grain industry cluster of our country across the board. All these will help lay a solid foundation for China's food security. To the Country people is all-important, to the people foodstuff is all-important. Sufficient and stable supply of grain is the core of grain security. Nowadays, the constraints of domestic resources and environmental elements have been increasingly obvious and the productivity of agricultural technology have met with growth slowdown, leading to the cost increase of the domestic grain production and the labor. Grain import usually makes the grain price decrease, and the increased planting cost and decreased grain price are bound to substantively weaken the market competitiveness of the Chinese grain industry. As a result, China can’t realize adequate grain supply, which thus causes the of grain security. Therefore, the urgent tasks are to pay attention to the food security of our country, to improve the comparative advantage of our grain industry, and to enhance the competitiveness of the Chinese grain industry in the international market. Not only can the industrial cluster gain the benefits of scale economy and reduce the cost, it can also utilize the resources and exchange information and experience more efficiently, and then improve the competitive advantage of industries. In short, as a new way of organization, the industrial cluster can enhance the comparative advantage of the original industries and even create a new comparative advantage.

Industrial clusters try to exploit the effect of external economies and joint actions that come from the collaboration between their agents. But in order that these effects arise it is needed close cooperation partnerships between the agents in the industrial cluster, which could improve competitiveness. It's obvious, therefore, that analyzing which are the relationships between the agents in the industrial cluster is critical to make strategic decisions that promote and improve the competitiveness of the industrial cluster. This paper proposes a methodology based on obtaining a fuzzy relation from which, applying Moore's closure in an uncertain situation, we can identify subrelations that group industrial cluster agents depending on their degree of affinity based on the intensity of their relationships.Keywords: affinity, moore's closure, fuzzy relations, industrial clusterJEL Classification: C69, L14(ProQuest: ... denotes formulae omitted.)1. INTRODUCTION: INDUSTRIAL CLUSTER CONCEPTThe emergence of a flexible specialization production model has brought industrial dispersal or diffuse industrialization strategies, based on decentralized production models characterized by the concentration of companies in an industry in a environment geographically delimited, to acquire an increasing role, increasingly more intensely [3]. The different currents of thought that have analyzed this phenomenon have called it using different names (industrial districts, innovative environments, local production systems, etc.), but, nowadays, [20] proposal of industrial cluster has become the most used to refer to groups of companies in the same sector located in the same geographic area to share resources and capabilities and increase their competitiveness, both individually and globally.Industrial clusters allow companies to improve their competitiveness because they take advantage of agglomeration economies, obtaining benefit from their proximity, from the existence of certain infrastructure and equipment in the territory, from diversified customer markets and labour markets, from a better access to information and knowledge, and from a social, cultural and institutional environment focused on the development of the main industrial cluster activity. Within the industrial cluster appear productive relations of cooperation of a certain intensity and consistency, based on the complementarity of the different production processes carried out by various companies in the same sector. When we analyze industrial clusters in a dynamic perspective we can see how their performance is a result of the integration of multiple different actions where many actors are involved, both individually and collectively [1]. The fact that this integration requires physical proximity relations, involves the configuration of unique spatial units in production, social, cultural, technological, political and institutional terms [15]. In that sense, [20] introduces the concept of industrial cluster, as the natural union of the companies in a particular sector, and with other related industries in a given territory. These companies develop connections with a large number of support services to generate synergies, externalities, cooperation and dissemination of technology; characteristics that give the industry cluster competitive advantages.An industrial cluster is a group of companies and institutions geographically close, and related to a particular field, linked by common and complementary features. In other words, the specialization of human capital, the flow of information, the innovation processes and the diffusion of technology, and the relations between suppliers and customers, provide the ideal framework for the emergence of external economies to the firm but internal to the territories. Geographic proximity facilitates communication, technological externalities, leads to efficient delivery of intermediate inputs at lower costs, and allows a greater market share of inputs and outputs, as well as a reserve of qualified local labour. …

In this paper, we conduct research on the Ningxia economic development model from the general perspective of the industry cluster. The ent husiasm of developing industrial cluster in China in recent years, governments at all levels to include cultivating industrial cluster in the area or industry development plan, with the industrial clusters of our country the influence of the national economy is increasing day by day. Fierce in the current economic situation, to promote our country independent innovation ability of industrial clusters and knowledge update speed, promote the transformation and upgrading of industrial cluster has become the fundamental guarantee for maintaining international competitiveness of industry cluster in our country. Our research proposes the novel perspective of the developmental trend of Ningxia economy that holds special meaning.

The paper studies the development of industrial clusters in Wuhan on the basis of former research results. At first, the author reviews the relevant industrial clusters theory and empirical research which has proved that industrial clusters achieve great success in regional economic development and they are a kind of effective model for enhancing region competitiveness. And then, the paper identifies the existing industry clusters in Wuhan through analyzing the city's statistical data combined with investigation. And based on the results, the author points out that three policy implications should be put out. The policy makers should pick out rather than create an industrial cluster; provide institution other than materials; focus on the industries which offer more marginal outputs.

The industrial cluster in many cities or regions is important economic development framework, the layout structure of the economic structure on industrial cluster would be appropriate to promote the region's economic development in a relatively space. The effective logistics planning on industry cluster would reduce the production costs, promote economic exchange activity. The paper constructs the logistics network structure, then depicts and analysis the logistics costs, finally, studies the key elements of logistics costs on the industrial clusters, which shows the logistics network planning on industrial cluster is crucial for the industry's economic development.