Abstract
Antibiotics are a common practice in veterinary medicine, mainly for therapeutic purposes. Sectors of application include livestock farming, aquacultures, and bee-keeping, where bacterial infections are frequent and can be economically damaging. However, antibiotics are usually administered in sub-therapeutic doses as prophylactic and growth promoting agents. Due to their excessive use, antibiotic residues can be present in foods of animal origin, which include meat, fish, milk, eggs, and honey, posing health risks to consumers. For this reason, authorities have set maximum residue limits (MRLs) of certain antibiotics in food matrices, while analytical methods for their determination have been developed. This work focuses on antibiotic extraction and determination, part of which was presented at the “1st Conference in Chemistry for Graduate, Postgraduate Students and PhD Candidates at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki”. Taking a step further, this paper is a review of the most recent sample preparation protocols applied for the extraction of sulfonamide antibiotics from food samples and their determination with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), covering a five-year period.
Highlights
The scope of this state-of-the-art review is to cover the literature regarding the sample preparation protocols developed for the extraction of sulfonamides (SAs) from food samples followed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) determination, covering the last five years.The review is divided in two main sections
Regulation No 37/2010 sets the maximum residue limits (MRLs) for all SA analogues to 100 μg/kg for muscle, fat, liver, and kidney from all food-producing species and bovine, ovine, and caprine milk, while their use is Sulfamethoxazole, sulfacetamide, and sulfasalazine are SA analogues commonly used in human medicine, while sulfadiazine (SDZ), sulfamethazine (SMZ), sulfadimethoxine (SDMX), sulfamerazine, and sulfathiazole are commonly used in veterinary medicine [6]
The sample extracts were evaporated to dryness, dissolved in mobile phase, and centrifuged at −4 ◦ C and 10,000 rpm prior to high-performance liquid chromatography—mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) analysis
Summary
The scope of this state-of-the-art review is to cover the literature regarding the sample preparation protocols developed for the extraction of sulfonamides (SAs) from food samples followed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) determination, covering the last five years. The review is divided in two main sections. In this first main section, a theoretical background on veterinary drugs and antibiotic use, sulfonamides and their applications, the reported sample preparation techniques, as well as the chemical composition of the reported food matrices and official methods for the determination of antibiotics/sulfonamides in foodstuff samples are provided for the reader to have a prompt introduction to basic terminology. In the second main section, the reported sample preparation protocols are provided in full detail for each food matrix.
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