Food Habits of Wolves in Relation to Livestock Depredations in Northwestern Minnesota

Abstract

Abstract Wolves (Canis lupus) have recolonized many areas of the Midwestern United States, prompting concern over the possible risk wolves may pose to livestock producers. To better understand the risks wolves may pose to livestock, we initiated a 3-y study examining the food habits of wolves in an agricultural area of northwestern Minnesota and their relation to depredation records of livestock losses in the same area. We collected 533 wolf feces during the non-winter seasons from 1997–1999. White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) was the most abundant food item (39.2%) of all prey items for all 3 y combined. The deer component comprised both adult deer (26.9%) and fawns (12.3%). Muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus) were the second highest food item at 16.6%. Moose (Alces alces), both adults (13.0%) and calves (0.6%), comprised 13.6% of the diet of wolves, followed by cattle (10.3%), domestic pig (4.4%), lagomorphs (3.6%) and beaver (Castor canadensis; 2.1%). During our 3-y study, eight head of livestock wer...