Abstract
major botulism outbreaks on several North Dakota refuges did not, when considered collectively, result in an excess of males in the population utilizing them, it should be kept in mind that those on certain habitats increased the proportion of males of some species. Both Des Lacs and Upper Souris data showed higher loss of female pintails and shovellers; Des Lacs a higher loss of female gadwalls and Upper Souris of female bluewings. It is apparent that an examination of losses on a sample of all major sickness areas in the flyway should be made through an entire season if the net influence on sex ratios of the waterfowl population is to be determined with certainty for any given year.
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