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Abstract
World Health Organization data suggest that stress, depression, and anxiety have a noticeable prevalence and are becoming some of the most common causes of disability in the Western world. Stress-related disorders are considered to be a challenge for the healthcare system with their great economic and social impact. The knowledge on these conditions is not very clear among many people, as a high proportion of patients do not respond to the currently available medications for targeting the monoaminergic system. In addition, the use of clinical drugs is also associated with various side effects such as vomiting, dizziness, sedation, nausea, constipation, and many more, which prevents their effective use. Therefore, opioid peptides derived from food sources are becoming one of the safe and natural alternatives because of their production from natural sources such as animals and plant proteins. The requirement for screening and considering dietary proteins as a source of bioactive peptides is highlighted to understand their potential roles in stress-related disorders as a part of a diet or as a drug complementing therapeutic prescription. In this review, we discussed current knowledge on opioid endogenous and exogenous peptides concentrating on their production, purification, and related studies. To fully understand their potential in stress-related conditions, either as a drug or as a therapeutic part of a diet prescription, the need to screen more dietary proteins as a source of novel opioid peptides is emphasized.
Highlights
Unhealthy lifestyle and the consumption of an unhealthy diet have been major causes of noncommunicable diseases (NCD) in recent years
By going through different studies, we found that food-derived opioid peptides play a promising role in stress-related conditions as well as in human health
We provided a detailed discussion on types of opioid peptides along with their sources, structures generated by enzyme hydrolysis of the food proteins, and their clinical pieces of evidence related to stress, anxiety, and depression
Summary
Unhealthy lifestyle and the consumption of an unhealthy diet have been major causes of noncommunicable diseases (NCD) in recent years. Food proteins are biomolecules that are involved in different biological functions for improving human health, and bioactive peptides are encrypted in the sequences of proteins and are released at the time of digestion and play important roles in improving health [10,11]. The potential roles of opioid-like peptides explained in Table 1 in stress-related conditions as well as in human health are well known, but their affinities as opioid peptides are still unclear. They are reported to exert opioid-like behaviors, but still, the mechanism of action is not well known. Further studies should be done to investigate their affinities as well as the mechanism of action as opioid peptides
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