Abstract
AbstractThe rising temperatures are resulting in heat stress for various agricultural crops to limit their growth, metabolism, and leading to significant loss of yield potential worldwide. Heat stress adversely affects normal plant growth and development depending on the sensitivity of each crop species. Each crop species has its own range of temperature maxima and minima at different developmental stages beyond which all these processes get inhibited. The reproductive stage is on the whole more sensitive to heat stress, resulting in impaired fertilization to cause abortion of flowers. During seed filling, heat stress retards seed growth by affecting all the biochemical events to reduce seed size. Unfavorable temperature may significantly affect photosynthesis, respiration, water balance, and membrane stability of leaves. To combat heat stress, plants acquire various defense mechanisms for their survival such as maintaining membrane stability, and scavenging reactive oxygen species by generating antioxida...
Highlights
Plants, being sessile, face various forms of abiotic and biotic stresses in the environment (Iba, 2002)
Reproductive processes are adversely affected by high temperature, which causes structural and functional abnormalities leading to failure of pollen germination and pollen tube growth, loss of ovule viability, altered stigmatic and style positions, reduced number of pollen grains retained by the stigma, loss of stigma receptivity, impaired fertilization and post-fertilization processes, and abnormal growth of the endosperm, pro-embryo and fertilized embryo (Foolad, 2005; Zinn et al, 2010)
The effect of exogenous application of nitric oxide (NO) donors such as sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and S-nitroso-N-acetyl penicillamine (SNAP) was examined in common reed (Phragmites communis) at 45°C: ion leakage, growth suppression, cell viability, and MDA content increased as a result of heat stress (Song, Ding, Zhao, Sun, & Zhang, 2006)
Summary
Plants, being sessile, face various forms of abiotic and biotic stresses in the environment (Iba, 2002). Reproductive processes are adversely affected by high temperature, which causes structural and functional abnormalities leading to failure of pollen germination and pollen tube growth, loss of ovule viability, altered stigmatic and style positions, reduced number of pollen grains retained by the stigma, loss of stigma receptivity, impaired fertilization and post-fertilization processes, and abnormal growth of the endosperm, pro-embryo and fertilized embryo (Foolad, 2005; Zinn et al, 2010). High-temperature stress (>30°C) from early meiosis to pollen maturity has a damaging effect on the viability of pollen grains in wheat, resulting in failure of fertilization and reduced seed set (Saini & Aspinall, 1981). In sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) under heat stress, filled seed weight and seed size decreased by 53 and 51%, respectively, reducing yield (Mohammed & Tarpley, 2010)
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