Abstract
This study investigates the association among metabolic risk factors, inflammatory and oxidative stress markers, and brachial–ankle pulse wave velocity (ba-PWV). We conducted a 3-year longitudinal, observational study of 288 middle-aged adults not meeting the criteria for metabolic syndrome (MetS) at the initial screening. We measured metabolic risk factors, inflammatory and oxidative stress markers, and ba-PWV. Within the 3-year study period, 15.6% (45 out of 288) of participants developed MetS. At the 3-year follow-up, patients were categorized as those with MetS (n = 45) and those without MetS (n = 243). Patients with MetS had significantly unfavorable initial measurements of baseline body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), blood pressure (BP), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index, and ba-PWV. After 3 years, participants without MetS showed significant increases in WC, diastolic BP (DBP), total- and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, malondialdehyde (MDA), oxidized-LDL (ox-LDL), and ba-PWV and a significant decrease in HDL-cholesterol and free fatty acids (FFA). Subjects who developed MetS showed significant increases in BMI, WC, BP, TG, glucose, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), MDA, ox-LDL, and ba-PWV and a significant decrease in HDL-cholesterol. Changes in BMI, WC, BP, TG, HDL-cholesterol, glucose, HOMA-IR index, FFA, C-reactive protein (P = .022), IL-6 (P = .004), leukocyte count (P < .001), MDA (P = .002), ox-LDL (P = .015), and ba-PWV (P = .001) differed significantly between the two groups after adjustment for baseline values. Changes in ba-PWV were positively correlated with the changes in systolic and DBP, total-cholesterol, glucose, leukocyte count, and MDA. The age-related increase in arterial stiffness is greater in the presence of MetS with higher levels of inflammatory and oxidative stress markers.
Highlights
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been linked to accelerated central arterial aging [1,2]
The results of this study suggested that age-associated changes in brachialankle pulse wave velocity (ba-PWV) and inflammatory and oxidative stress markers differ between individuals with and without MetS outcomes
The agerelated increase in arterial stiffness was greater in patients who developed MetS and showed higher levels of inflammatory and oxidative stress markers
Summary
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been linked to accelerated central arterial aging (i.e., increased arterial stiffness and thickness) [1,2]. Some prospective studies show that the progression of arterial stiffness was associated with the changes in MetS risk and was significantly more pronounced in MetS subjects [3,4]. A growing body of literature suggests that diverse inflammatory and oxidative stress markers correlate with arterial damage [1,5,6,7] and, with increased arterial stiffness and thickness [8,9,10,11]. MetS treatment and management programs conventionally focus on patients with the condition; careful observation for changes in inflammatory and oxidative stress markers and arterial stiffness is important for patients at risk for developing MetS. Our follow-up study included apparently healthy subjects who do not meet the MetS criteria at baseline, and after 3 years, subdivided the subjects into non-MetS and MetS, and this study included inflammatory and oxidative stress markers and brachialankle pulse wave velocity (ba-PWV) together with metabolic risk factors, and investigated the association of these parameters
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