Follow-up testing among children with elevated screening blood lead levels

Abstract

Context Follow-up testing after an abnormal screening blood lead level is a key component in lead poisoning prevention. Objectives To measure the proportion of children with elevated screening lead levels who have had follow-up testing and to determine the factors associated with such care. Design Retrospective, observational cohort study. Participants 3682 Michigan Medicaid-enrolled children age 6 years or younger who had a screening blood lead level of at least 10 μg/dL (0.48 μmol/L) between January 1, 2002, and June 30, 2003. Main Outcome Measure Testing within 180 days of an elevated screening lead level. Results Follow-up testing was received by 53.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 52.2% to 55.5%) of the children. In multivariate analysis adjusting for age, screening blood lead level results, and local health department catchment area, the relative risk of follow-up testing was lower for Hispanic and other nonwhite children than for white children (0.91; 95% CI, 0.87 to 0.94), for children living in urban areas than in those living in rural areas (0.92; 95% CI, 0.89 to 0.96), and for children living in high-lead risk areas than in those living in low-lead risk areas (0.94; 95% CI, 0.92 to 0.96). Among children who did not have follow-up testing, 58.6% (95% CI, 56.3% to 61.0%) had at least 1 medical encounter in the 6-month period after the elevated screening blood lead level, including encounters for evaluation and management (39.3%; 95% CI, 36.9% to 41.6%) or preventive care (13.2%; 95% CI, 11.6% to 14.8%). Conclusions The rate of follow-up testing after an abnormal screening blood lead level was low, and those children at increased risk for lead poisoning were less likely to receive follow-up testing. At least half of the children had a missed opportunity for follow-up testing. The observed disparities of care may increase the burden of cognitive impairment among at-risk children.