Abstract
Background: A two- to three-fold increase in the risk of multiple sclerosis (MS) after infectious mononucleosis (IM) has been observed in cohort and case control studies. However, this association has not been investigated prospectively from IM. It remains to be determined whether long-term immunospecific sequelae with features consistent with presymptomatic MS occur after IM. Methods: Sera were obtained from individuals with acute IM from 2003–2007 (n = 42) and from the same individuals at a follow-up (FU) study approximately 10 years after IM. These were assayed for antibodies against a variety of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) antigens, including gp350, a novel recombinant glycoprotein from the EBV envelope. Similarly, single-protein antigens were used to assess measles and varicella-zoster reactivity (Ncore and varicella-zoster glycoprotein E [VZVgE]). The FU study also included cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 21 of these individuals to test for IgG antibodies against the same viral antigens. As controls, CSF and serum samples were obtained from 15 EBV-seropositive volunteers who denied a history of IM, and serum samples were obtained from 24 EBV-seropositive blood donors. Anti-gp350, anti-Ncore and anti-VZVgE IgG levels were also analysed in sera and CSF samples from 22 persons with MS. Results: The FU assays showed higher anti-gp350 IgG (p = 0.007, univariate) than among healthy controls, with no difference in serum anti-VCA or anti-EBNA1 IgG levels and no difference in anti-gp350 in the CSF samples. Anti-Ncore IgG and anti-VZVgE were higher in acute IM samples (p < 0.001 and p < 0.0001, respectively) than at FU, although anti-Ncore remained heightened in an age-adjusted analysis at FU (p = 0.014) compared to the control group. In the MS group, the serum anti-gp350 and anti-Ncore IgG levels were significantly higher than among the control group, but the anti-VZVgE levels were not. The CSF anti-gp350 and VZVgE levels were slightly higher among persons with MS than among the control group, whereas anti-Ncore IgG was markedly higher in persons with MS than in the control group. Conclusion: In the present study IM showed certain similarities with MS. Increased anti-gp350 reactivity persisted more than a decade after IM, reminiscent of the established increased anti-EBV reactivity in presymptomatic MS. Acute IM was associated with increased anti-measles and anti-VZV immunoreactivity, similar to the MRZ reaction in MS, with some evidence suggesting that this measles reactivity persisted after a decade.
Highlights
Several studies have established that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection seems to always precede the clinical onset of multiple sclerosis (MS) (Abrahamyan et al, 2020)
Case-control studies have demonstrated that an in dividual’s risk of MS varies based on three mutually overlapping factors: age of primary EBV infection, anti-EBV antibody level, and occurrence of the clinical phenotype infectious mononucleosis (IM) (Bistrom et al, 2021; Hedstrom et al, 2019)
Anti-viral capsid antigen (VCA) IgM values were higher at the time of acute IM and significantly lower among the FU group
Summary
Several studies have established that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection seems to always precede the clinical onset of multiple sclerosis (MS) (Abrahamyan et al, 2020). A two- to three-fold increase in the risk of multiple sclerosis (MS) after infectious mononucleosis (IM) has been observed in cohort and case control studies. This association has not been investigated prospectively from IM. Methods: : Sera were obtained from individuals with acute IM from 2003–2007 (n = 42) and from the same individuals at a follow-up (FU) study approximately 10 years after IM These were assayed for antibodies against a variety of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) antigens, including gp350, a novel recombinant glycoprotein from the EBV envelope. Anti-gp350, anti-Ncore and anti-VZVgE IgG levels were analysed in sera and CSF samples from 22 persons with MS. Acute IM was associated with increased anti-measles and anti-VZV immunoreactivity, similar to the MRZ reaction in MS, with some evidence suggesting that this measles reactivity persisted after a decade
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