Abstract
Phosphorus is a biogenic element with a high importance within the food chain. Regrettably, there are limited amounts of phosphorus within minerals naturally occurring in the environment. Its scarcity leads to a necessity of closed loop economy, where this element could be obtained by the processing of various waste materials. Modern agriculture needs to provide sufficient amounts of phosphorus to plant organisms encountering problems with the bioavailability of nutrition. In this research, a post-processed animal waste material (calcined bone) was utilized to reclaim phosphorus and reintroduce it into the environment in a form of foliar fertilizer. The calcined bones were subjected to chemical transformation with nitric acid solution. The solubilization of bones was followed by laboratory-scale pot experiments, in which the fertilizer was used for the cultivation of maize plants. In the field experiments, the fertilizer was additionally fortified with boron and molybdenum elements. It was observed that the utilization of the fertilizer had a positive impact on maize plants, i.e., improvement in the biomass production of aboveground and underground parts of the plants. The amount of chlorophyll increased in comparison to control plants. Maize grain production was increased by approximately 600 kg ha−1).
Highlights
Phosphorus is a biogenic element that is crucial for sustaining life in various forms, whether microorganisms, plants or animals [1,2,3]
A number of research teams have been engaged in developing methods to reclaim phosphorus from different sources
In the available literature data, there is no information about utilization of foliar fertilizers that were produced from waste, such as sewage sludge, or from animal production
Summary
Phosphorus is a biogenic element that is crucial for sustaining life in various forms, whether microorganisms, plants or animals [1,2,3]. It is expected that, in the century, over a half of these deposits will be used up Another challenge is the uneven distribution of this element within the world, some countries are left without any sort of natural supply of this resource. Those countries control almost 90% of the total supply of this resource [3] Another obstacle for providing plants with the sufficient amount of phosphorus is the necessity of the processing of raw minerals in order to prepare a fertilizer that would include phosphorus elements in a bioavailable form. Due to the scarcity of this resource and a high degree of loses during agricultural runoff, erosion and animal waste, there is a high emphasis put on the recovery of this element from various processing chains [4]. It was indicated there was a great diversity between the efficiency of the utilized sewage sludge types [8]
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