Abstract
The species of Salix herbacea L. and Salix lapponum L. are the rare relicts within the genus of Salix. With respect to their phylogeography, they are classified into the taxa of the Arctic-Alpine distribution. They can be found in the Arctic zone (Greenland, Scandinavia, Spitsbergen) as well as in such geographically separated areas as the mountains of lower latitudes like the Alps, the Sudetes or the Carpathians. Another species of willow occurring in the mountains of Europe, and more specifically on montane positions of the Balkan-Carpathian distribution is S. silesiaca. The aim of the study was to determine the severity of the diseases of the willows growing in selected locations in the Karkonosze Mountains. The research was conducted in the years 2014 and 2015 in the Kocioł Łomniczki [the Łomniczka Cirque] and the Wielki and Mały Śnieżny Kocioł, [the Great and Small Snowy Cirques] at intervals of 4 weeks, from April to October. Field observations included the species of the genera Salix: S. herbacea, S. silesiaca and S. lapponum. Disease symptoms were identified with the percentage of infected plants at selected locations, as well as the percentage of infected leaves, recorded. In the course of the research, symptoms of rust caused by Melampsora epitea and M. alpina (S. herbacea and S. silesiaca), black spot blight caused by Rhytisma salicinum (S. silesiaca) and leaf spot, probably caused by a complex of fungal taxa (S. herbacea), were detected on the leaves of Salix spp. growing in post glacial cirques. During the study period, there were no disease symptoms on S. lapponum. A total of 13 species of fungi were isolated from the infected leaves of S. herbacea. In the first year, the highest share in the fungal assembly was taken by Penicillium notatum, followed by Alternaria alternata and an unidentified species of the genus Ceuthospora. In the second year of the research, Ceuthospora spp. and A. alternata predominated in the species assembly of fungi in the infected leaves of the herb willow.
Highlights
The Karkonosze Mountains are located in Central Europe, in the borderland between Poland and the Czech Republic
In the course of the study, rust and black spot blight symptoms were detected on the leaves of Salix silesiaca and rust and leaf spot on S. herbacea growing in the post-glacial cirques
Rust symptoms on S. herbacea and on S. silesiaca turned out to be caused by Melampsora epitea and M. alpina, whereas black spot blight on S. silesiaca was attributed to Rhytisma salicinum, and on S. herbacea to a complex of pathogenic fungi
Summary
The Karkonosze Mountains (the Giant Mountains) are located in Central Europe, in the borderland between Poland and the Czech Republic. The species of Salix herbacea L. and Salix lapponum L. are the rare relicts within the genus of Salix With respect to their phylogeography, they are classified into the taxa of the Arctic-Alpine distribution. The downy willow (S. lapponum), apparently larger in size and occasionally forming fairly extensive thickets along watercourses, is a species rarely identified in Poland (Kornaś and Medwecka-Kornaś 2002). Another willow species that occurs in the mountains of Europe, in the mountainous areas of the Balkan-Carpathian distribution, is Salix silesiaca Willd. S. silesiaca can be found in Poland in the Izerskie Mountains, as well as in the Giant Mountains
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