Foliar application of zinc sulphate and zinc EDTA to wheat leaves: differences in mobility, distribution, and speciation.

Casey L Doolette,Peter M Kopittke,Kirk G Scheckel,Erica Donner,Jan K Schjoerring,Thea L Read,Cui Li,Enzo Lombi

doi:10.1093/jxb/ery236

Abstract

Foliar application of zinc (Zn) to crops is an effective way to increase the grain concentration of Zn. However, the development of more efficient foliar Zn fertilizers is limited by a lack of knowledge regarding the distribution, mobility, and speciation of Zn in leaves once it is taken up by the plant. We performed an experiment using radiolabelled Zn (65Zn), and in situ time-resolved elemental imaging using synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM), to investigate the behaviour of two commonly used Zn foliar fertilizers (Zn sulphate and ZnEDTA) in wheat (Triticum aestivum) leaves. Both experiments showed that Zn had limited mobility in leaves, moving <25 mm from the application point after 24 h. Although limited, the translocation of Zn occurred quickly for both treatments; moving more between 3 h and 12 h after application than between 12 h and 24 h. Speciation analysis using synchrotron-based X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) showed that ZnEDTA was in fact taken up in chelated form and not as ionic Zn (Zn2+). The XANES data also showed that Zn, from both treatments, was then complexed by ligands in the leaf (e.g. phytate and citrate), potentially in response to localized Zn toxicity. The results of the present study provide important insights into the behaviour of commonly used foliar-applied Zn fertilizers, and can be used to optimize current fertilization strategies and contribute to the development of more efficient foliar Zn fertilizers.

Highlights

Half of the world’s agricultural soils contain inadequate levels of available zinc (Zn), resulting in Zn deficiency in one-third of the global human population (Alloway, 2008a; International Zinc Association, 2010)
The objectives of this study are to: (i) assess and quantify the mobility of Zn applied to leaves as ZnSO4 or ZnEDTA using a radioisotope tracing technique and synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM); and (ii) identify the chemical speciation of Zn, within leaf tissues to which Zn has been applied in ionic or chelated form (ZnSO4 and ZnEDTA, respectively) using X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS)
Zinc applied to leaves as radiolabelled 65ZnSO4 was slightly more mobile compared with ZnEDTA (Fig. 1)

Summary

Introduction

Half of the world’s agricultural soils contain inadequate levels of available zinc (Zn), resulting in Zn deficiency in one-third of the global human population (Alloway, 2008a; International Zinc Association, 2010). Zn deficiency in humans is problematic for women and children in developing countries (Kumssa et al, 2015) where the majority of food intake consists of cereal grains (Prasad, 1996; Zou et al, 2012). It was recently proposed that the agricultural sector provides the only ‘sustainable solution to Zn deficiency in humans. The factors that influence the effectiveness of foliar application are not well understood (Fernández and Eichert, 2009), including how the chemical form in which the nutrient is applied affects its uptake, translocation, and overall efficacy

Objectives

Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion