Abstract
Using rotationally parabolic refractive x-ray lenses made of beryllium, we focus hard x-ray free-electron laser pulses of the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) down to a spot size in the 100 nm range. We demonstrated efficient nanofocusing and characterized the nanofocused wave field by ptychographic imaging [A. Schropp, et al., Sci. Rep. 3, 1633 (2013)] in the case of monochromatic LCLS pulses produced by a crystal monochromator that decreases the LCLS bandwidth down to ΔE/E = 1.4 · 10−4. The full spectrum of LCLS pulses generated by self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE), however, fluctuates and has a typical bandwidth of a few per mille (ΔE/E ≈ 2 · 10−3). Due to the dispersion in the lens material, a polychromatic nanobeam generated by refractive x-ray lenses is affected by chromatic aberration. After reviewing the chromaticity of refractive x-ray lenses, we discuss the influence of increased bandwidth on the quality of a nanofocused SASE pulse.
Highlights
The ultra-short pulses of x-ray free-electron lasers open the way for the investigation of the dynamics of matter on atomic time and length scales
In this article we investigate the effect of this mild polychromaticity on the nanofocusing capabilities of parabolic refractive x-ray lenses using geometric arguments
We focused monochromatic XFEL radiation to the 100 nanometer level by parabolic refractive x-ray lenses made of beryllium and characterized the nanobeam using the method of ptychography [9, 11]
Summary
The ultra-short pulses of x-ray free-electron lasers open the way for the investigation of the dynamics of matter on atomic time and length scales. G., a relative bandwidth of ∆E/E = 1.4 · 10−4 for Si (111) reflections, chromatic aberrations of refractive x-ray lenses are negligible. In this article we investigate the effect of this mild polychromaticity on the nanofocusing capabilities of parabolic refractive x-ray lenses using geometric arguments.
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