Focused ultrasound-mediated non-invasive brain stimulation: examination of sonication parameters.

Abstract

Transcranial focused ultrasound (FUS) has emerged as a new brain stimulation modality. The range of sonication parameters for successful brain stimulation warrants further investigation. The objective of this study was to examine the range of FUS sonication parameters that minimize the acoustic intensity/energy deposition while successfully stimulating the motor brain area in Sprague-Dawley rats. We transcranially administered FUS to the somatomotor area of the rat brain and measured the acoustic intensity that caused excitatory effects with respect to different pulsing parameters (tone-burst duration, pulse-repetition frequency, duty cycle, and sonication duration) at 350 and 650kHz of fundamental frequency. We observed that motor responses were elicited at minimum threshold acoustic intensities (4.9-5.6W/cm(2) in spatial-peak pulse-average intensity; 2.5-2.8W/cm(2) in spatial-peak temporal-average intensity) in a limited range of sonication parameters, i.e. 1-5ms of tone-burst duration, 50% of duty cycle, and 300ms of sonication duration, at 350kHz fundamental frequency. We also found that the pulsed sonication elicited motor responses at lower acoustic intensities than its equivalent continuous sonication. Our results suggest that the pulsed application of FUS selectively stimulates specific brain areas-of-interest at an acoustic intensity that is compatible with regulatory safety limits on biological tissue, thus allowing for potential applications in neurotherapeutics.