Focused Exome Sequencing Gives a High Diagnostic Yield in The Indian Sub-Continent

Abstract

The genetically isolated yet heterogeneous and highly consanguineous Indian population has shown a higher prevalence of rare genetic disorders. However, there is a significant socioeconomic burden for genetic testing to be accessible to the general population. In the current study, we analyzed next-generation sequencing data generated through focused exome sequencing from individuals with different phenotypic manifestations referred for genetic testing to achieve a molecular diagnosis. We reported pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in 280 out of 833 cases with a diagnostic yield of 33.6%. Homozygous sequence and copy number variants were found as positive diagnostic findings in 131 (15.7%) cases owing to the high consanguinity in the Indian population. No relevant findings related to reported phenotype were identified in 6.2% of the cases. Patients referred for testing due to metabolic disorder and neuromuscular disorder had higher diagnostic yields. Carrier testing of asymptomatic individuals with a family history of the disease, through focused exome sequencing, achieved positive diagnosis in 54 of 118 cases tested. We also reported copy number variants in trans with single nucleotide variants and mitochondrial variants in a few of the cases. The diagnostic yield and the findings from this study signify that a focused exome test is a good lower-cost alternative for whole exome and whole genome sequencing and as a first-tier approach to genetic testing.