Focal microinjection of carbachol into the periaqueductal gray induces seizures in the forebrain of the rat

Abstract

Previous studies have reported that the repetition of running–bouncing and tonic–clonic seizures mediated by brainstem structures eventually elicits seizure activity in the forebrain. The purpose of the present study was to determine if the periaqueductal gray (PAG) region is a component of the neural network through which brainstem seizures elicit forebrain seizures. Bilateral microinjection of 40 nmol carbachol into the PAG region of rats induced arrested, staring behavior accompanied by epileptiform electrocorticogram (ECoG) afterdischarge recorded from the parietal cortex. In two animals limbic seizure activity similar to kindled amygdala seizures was also induced. The carbachol effect was dose-related as the 40 nmol dose induced a significantly greater duration of ECoG afterdischarge than a 20 nmol dose. The carbachol effect was mediated by muscarinic receptors as bilateral 50 nmol atropine microinjection 1 min prior to 40 nmol carbachol microinjection inhibited all seizure activity. Immunohistochemical detection of the proto-oncogene c- fos was used to verify that seizure activity was induced in forebrain regions. Rats with seizures induced by PAG carbachol microinjections exhibited dense c- fos-like immunoreactivity in the dentate gyrus but not the CA 1 or CA 3 regions, amygdala, piriform cortex, perirhinal cortex or hypothalamus. In addition, PAG microinjection of 10 nmol N-methyl- d-aspartic acid (NMDA) induced wild-running convulsions while 400 pmol bicuculline induced clonic spasms, myoclonic activity or limbic seizures. These results indicate that stimulation of the PAG, a brainstem structure, is sufficient to induce forebrain seizures. Since the forebrain seizures were induced by a single carbachol administration, it is proposed that the PAG serves as a pathway for caudal-rostral seizure generalization.