FMLLR Speaker Normalization With i-Vector: In Pseudo-FMLLR and Distillation Framework

Abstract

When an automatic speech recognition (ASR) system is deployed for real-world applications, it often receives only one utterance at a time for decoding. This single utterance could be of short duration depending on the ASR task. In these cases, robust estimation of speaker normalizing methods like feature-space maximum likelihood linear regression (FMLLR) and i -vectors may not be feasible. In this paper, we propose two unsupervised speaker normalization techniques—one at feature level and other at model level of acoustic modeling—to overcome the drawbacks of FMLLR and i -vectors in real-time scenarios. At feature level, we propose the use of deep neural networks (DNN) to generate pseudo-FMLLR features from time-synchronous pair of filterbank and FMLLR features. These pseudo-FMLLR features can then be used for DNN acoustic model training and decoding. At model level, we propose a generalized distillation framework, where a teacher DNN trained on FMLLR features guides the training and optimization of a student DNN trained on filterbank features. In both the proposed methods, the ambiguity in choosing the speaker-specific FMLLR transform can be reduced by augmenting i -vectors to the input filterbank features. Experiments conducted on 33-h and 110-h subsets of Switchboard corpus show that the proposed methods provide significant gains over DNNs trained on FMLLR, i -vector appended FMLLR, filterbank and i -vector appended filterbank features, in real-time scenario.