Abstract
Using three-dimensional nonlinear simulations of tokamak turbulence, we show that an edge transport barrier (ETB) forms naturally once input power exceeds a threshold value. Profiles, turbulence-driven flows, and neoclassical coefficients are evolved self-consistently. A slow power ramp-up simulation shows that ETB transition is triggered by the turbulence-driven flows via an intermediate phase which involves coherent oscillation of turbulence intensity and E×B flow shear. A novel observation of the evolution is that the turbulence collapses and the ETB transition begins when RT > 1 at t = tR (RT: normalized Reynolds power), while the conventional transition criterion (ωE×B>γlin where ωE×B denotes mean flow shear) is satisfied only after t = tC ( >tR), when the mean flow shear grows due to positive feedback.
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