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Abstract
This study outlines a simple fluorometric optical sensor system for the sensitive, real time measurement of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as biomarkers of urinary bladder cancer in patients presenting with frank hematuria and confirmed to have the disease on histopathology. Arrays of 24 sensor points based on fluorescence VOC sensitive materials were made. Urine samples of 38 consecutive patients with pathologically confirmed bladder tumours and 41 age and gender matched healthy controls were recruited and analysed using this sensor array. This system correctly classified 68 out of 79 urine samples with 84.21% sensitivity and 87.80% specificity; the system also achieved 66.67% sensitivity and 75.00% specificity for classification of high-grade and low-grade bladder cancer patients. This study showed promising results in the detection of urinary bladder cancer as well as to classify high grade versus low grade bladder cancers.
Highlights
Bladder cancer is the 10th most common cancer in the world and 2nd in urological cancers [1], it is 4th commonest in men (27 per 100,000 population) and 7th commonest cancers in women (8 per 100,000 population) [2]
This study outlines a simple fluorometric optical sensor system for the sensitive, real time measurement of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as biomarkers of urinary bladder cancer in patients presenting with frank hematuria and confirmed to have the disease on histopathology
The top 10 most weighted variable regions labelled in Fig. 2(b) were explained in Fig. 2(c), those regions made the biggest contribution to the latent variable in Partial least squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) classification model, which unexpected are the regions in the differential signal sequence that have biggest variance between bladder cancer and healthy control groups
Summary
Bladder cancer is the 10th most common cancer in the world and 2nd in urological cancers [1], it is 4th commonest in men (27 per 100,000 population) and 7th commonest cancers in women (8 per 100,000 population) [2]. Despite a significant morbidity and mortality caused by the disease, at present population-based screening for bladder cancer is not recommended due to: low accuracy of biomarkers for early stage diagnosis, challenges in identifying the high risk population, and lacks of non-invasive diagnostic tools [3]. Bladder cancer has become one of the most expensive cancer types due to its high recurrence rate and progression and requires frequent endoscopic surveillance. The gold standard for bladder cancer diagnosis and surveillance is cystoscopy and biopsy, which is invasive, time-consuming, and expensive. The number of follow-up check procedures can vary depending on the grade and risk stratification of non-muscle invasive urinary bladder cancer [4]
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