Abstract
Inflammation is one underlying contributing factor in the pathology of acute and chronic kidney disorders. Phagocytes such as monocytes, neutrophils and dendritic cells are considered to play a deleterious role in the progression of kidney disease but may also contribute to organ homeostasis. The kidney is a target of life-threatening autoimmune disorders such as the antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitides (AAV). Neutrophils and monocytes express ANCA antigens and play an important role in the pathogenesis of AAV. Noninvasive in vivo methods that can quantify the distribution of inflammatory cells in the kidney as well as other organs in vivo would be vital to identify the causality and significance of inflammation during disease progression. Here we describe an noninvasive technique to study renal inflammation in rodents in vivo using fluorine (19F) MRI. In this protocol we chose a murine ANCA-AAV model of renal inflammation and made use of nanoparticles prepared from perfluoro-5-crown-15-ether (PFCE) for renal 19F MRI.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This experimental protocol chapter is complemented by two separate chapters describing the basic concept and data analysis.
Highlights
Inflammation is one underlying contributing factor in the pathology of acute and chronic kidney disorders [1]
Studies suggest that systemic inflammation can cause ischemic injury in a vital organ, such as the kidney, which could result in repercussions in another distant organ downstream of the ischemic event, such as the heart [2–4]
Renal tissue injury but may support repair [5–8]. Phagocytes such as dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages are considered to play a deleterious role in the inflammatory outcome of chronic kidney disease but may contribute to organ homeostasis [9]
Summary
Inflammation is one underlying contributing factor in the pathology of acute and chronic kidney disorders [1]. Renal tissue injury but may support repair [5–8] Phagocytes such as dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages are considered to play a deleterious role in the inflammatory outcome of chronic kidney disease but may contribute to organ homeostasis [9]. 19F MRI is ideal for studying distribution of inflammatory cell in vivo In this protocol we chose a murine AAV model of renal inflammation that has been described in greater depth elsewhere [16] and made use of nanoparticles prepared from perfluoro-5-crown-15-ether (PFCE). This experimental protocol chapter is complemented by two separate chapters describing the basic concept (please see the chapter by Waiczies S et al “Functional Imaging Using Fluorine (19F) MR Methods: Basic Concepts”) and data analysis (please see the chapter by Starke L et al “Data Preparation Protocol for Low Signal-toNoise Ratio Fluorine-19 MRI”), which are both part of this book.
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