Abstract
Organic fluorinated materials demonstrate their excellent electro-optic properties and versatility for technological applications. The partial substitution of hydrogen with fluorine in carbon-halides bounds allows the reduction of absorption losses at the telecommunication wavelengths. In these interesting compounds, the electro-optic coefficient was typically induced by a poling procedure. The magnitude and the time stability of the coefficient is an important issue to be investigated in order to compare copolymer species. Here, a review of different measurement techniques (such as nonlinear ellipsometry, second harmonic generation, temperature scanning and isothermal relaxation) was shown and applied to a variety of fluorinated and non-fluorinated electro-optic compounds.
Highlights
Organic conjugated polymers were thoroughly investigated in recent years due to their interesting and peculiar physical properties, granted by electron delocalization of the π-bonds
Among other advantages of organic materials, we can point out the compatibility with a variety of substrates, such as Si, GaAs, or plastics, the ability to be efficiently integrated with very large scale integration (VLSI) semiconductor electronic circuitry, and the low-cost fabrication techniques
We review the main techniques used in order to measure the magnitude of the electro-optic response, namely the nonlinear ellipsometry or Teng and Man technique (NLE or TMT) [13,14,15,16] and second harmonic generation (SHG) [17,18,19,20], we show how these techniques can be used in order to evaluate the stability of the electro-optic response by performing temperature scanning measurements and isothermal relaxation measurements
Summary
Organic conjugated polymers were thoroughly investigated in recent years due to their interesting and peculiar physical properties, granted by electron delocalization of the π-bonds. Hybrid integration of passive wave-guiding structures with these active materials is a route to low-cost, high-performance modules. In this context, progress in organic materials demonstrates the excellent electro-optic properties and versatility for technological applications, for example a polymeric electro-optic modulation, based on a Mach-Zehnder integrated interferometer (MZI). Among other advantages of organic materials, we can point out the compatibility with a variety of substrates, such as Si, GaAs, or plastics (a high-performance electro-optic polymer modulator on a flexible substrate was fabricated [8]), the ability to be efficiently integrated with very large scale integration (VLSI) semiconductor electronic circuitry, and the low-cost fabrication techniques. We show how the previous techniques were applied in literature in order to retrieve the stability properties of different fluorinated and non-fluorinated copolymers
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