Fluorescent probes as markers of oxidative stress in keratinocyte cell lines following UVB exposure

Abstract

In this work we describe the development of specific markers for determination of both the membrane and intracellular damage induced by free radicals generated by UVB radiation (5–150 mJ/cm 2) in cultured keratinocytes. This using simple, specific and sensitive fluorescent probes: cis-parinaric acid (PNA) to monitor membrane lipid peroxidation and 2′,7′-dichloro-dihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) to evaluate the intracellular redox status, in parallel to the fluorimetric determination of the main intracellular antioxidant glutathione. To validate the methodologies, the changes in the intracellular oxidative status following exposure to low doses UVB were measured in both control and N-acetylcysteine-protected cells, in parallel with morphological analyses. UVB induces an early reduction of GSH inside the cell correlated with an increase in the intracellular peroxide content. The effects were time- and dose-dependent. In addition, using a sensitive fluorescent method, we quantitated the release of proteases, a family of proteolytic enzymes greatly involved in the onset/perpetuation of the free radical-induced skin damage from keratinocytes exposed to suberythemal UVB doses (5–15 mJ/cm 2). The use of these fluorescent probes provides a reliable tool to detect the early signs of damage in keratinocyte cultures (when the apoptotic phenomenon has not yet been triggered) useful for future screening of protective molecules.