Fluorescent imidazole derived sensor for selective in vitro and in vivo Fe2+ detection and bioimaging in zebrafish with DFT studies

Abstract

Herein, we have developed imidazole derivatized fluorescent probes IM-1 and IM-2 for extremely selective detection of Fe2+ with rapid response (LOD: 3.245 μM for IM-1 and 0.297 μM for IM-2) and excellent binding constants (0.214 × 105 M−1 and 1.004 × 105 M−1). Aqueous ethanol system was employed to assess the sensing potency of the probes both in vitro and in vivo in zebrafish is the main highlight of this work. The synthesized fluorophores possess admirable quantum yields of 0.61 and 0.78. The 1:1 binding mechanism of ligands with Fe2+ ions is supported by Job's plot and ESI-Mass spectrum. The synthesized probes demonstrated limited cytotoxicity both in vitro (MDA-MB-231 cells) and in vivo (zebrafish, Danio Rerio) studies. These results prompted us to employ the probes IM-1 and IM-2 to trace out intra cellular Fe2+ ions in zebrafish embryos.