Abstract
Diamond containing the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center is emerging as a significant sensing platform. However, most NV sensors require microscopes to collect the fluorescence signals and therefore are limited to laboratory settings. By embedding micron-scale diamond particles at an annular interface within the cross section of a silicate glass fiber, we demonstrate a robust fiber material capable of sensing magnetic fields. Luminescence spectroscopy and electron spin resonance characterization reveal that the optical properties of NV centers in the diamond microcrystals are well preserved throughout the fiber drawing process. The hybrid fiber presents a low propagation loss of ∼4.0 dB/m in the NV emission spectral window, permitting remote monitoring of the optically detected magnetic resonance signals. We demonstrate NV-spin magnetic resonance readout through 50 cm of fiber. This study paves a way for the scalable fabrication of fiber-based diamond sensors for field-deployable quantum metrology applications.
Highlights
Charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV−) color centers in diamond have been extensively studied for precise magnetic field sensing,[1,2,3,4] quantum information technology,[5] as well as bio-medical thermometry and imaging.[6,7] As a sensor, the NV center can be optically addressed and manipulated remotely
High-pressure high-temperature diamond particles with an average diameter of ∼1 μm (MSY 0.75-1.25, Microdiamond, Switzerland) were used as dopants since such large particles offer a higher number of NV centers per particle and improved quality of the diamond host material compared to nanoscale diamond particles, which, in turn, leads to enhanced magnetic field sensitivity.[2,30]
The diamond particles were irradiated with 2 MeV electrons at a fluence of 1 × 1018 cm−2 followed by annealing (900 ○C, 2 h) in argon to create NV centers
Summary
Charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV−) color centers in diamond have been extensively studied for precise magnetic field sensing,[1,2,3,4] quantum information technology,[5] as well as bio-medical thermometry and imaging.[6,7] As a sensor, the NV center can be optically addressed and manipulated remotely. The sophistication and lack of portability of such high-end microscopes have led to interest in integrating diamond NV centers with glass optical fibers. We have employed a volume doping technique to integrate fluorescent diamond nanoparticles into the glass matrix, where the nanodiamonds (NDs) are dispersed into molten glass to create a ND-doped glass billet, which is subsequently processed using preform extrusion and fiber drawing to obtain an optical fiber with NDs distributed inside the whole fiber volume.[23,24]. The volume doping technique is challenging in terms of oxidization and dissolving of diamond nanoparticles during the doping step,[24,26] as well as achieving efficient excitation and collection of NV fluorescence via the fiber due to the absorption and scattering from diamond particles randomly distributed over the whole fiber cross section. Our results indicate that the microdiamond-doped lead-silicate glass optical fiber can be applied in versatile fiber platforms for remote sensing applications
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