Abstract
Many organophosphorus (OP) based compounds are highly toxic and powerful inhibitors of cholinesterases that generate serious environmental and human health concerns. Organothiophosphates with a thiophosphoryl (P=S) functional group constitute a broad class of these widely used pesticides. They are related to the more reactive phosphoryl (P=O) organophosphates, which include very lethal nerve agents and chemical warfare agents, such as, VX, Soman and Sarin. Unfortunately, widespread and frequent commercial use of OP-based compounds in agricultural lands has resulted in their presence as residues in crops, livestock, and poultry products and also led to their migration into aquifers. Thus, the design of new sensors with improved analyte selectivity and sensitivity is of paramount importance in this area. Herein, we review recent advances in the development of fluorescent chemosensors for toxic OP pesticides and related compounds. We also discuss challenges and progress towards the design of future chemosensors with dual modes for signal transduction.
Highlights
Environmental pollution by organic chemicals continues to be one of the world’s leading challenges to sustainable development
Since the first introduction of hexaethyl tetraphosphate (HETP), the number of OP pesticides has risen to hundreds, and the common ones are shown in Table 1, along with their toxicity information
Toxic interactions of organophosphorus compounds with any given biological system are dose-related. Their toxicity is expressed in terms of the lethal dose (LD) which will kill 50% of the animal species (LD50)
Summary
Environmental pollution by organic chemicals continues to be one of the world’s leading challenges to sustainable development. Many pesticides are sprayed in large amounts with only 1% reaching the intended target Some of these contaminants have long half-lives and persist to varying degrees in the environment. They migrate through large regions of soil until they reach water resources, where they may present an ecological or human-health threat [2]. Vegetation, animals and humans are affected by various chemicals through absorption, inhalation or ingestion These contaminants pose serious to fatal health hazards, such as asthma, birth defects and deaths. Environmental monitoring is required to protect the public and the environment from possible organic toxins released into the air, soil, and water. We discuss the importance of developing multimodal chemosensors (i.e., with more than one mode of signal transduction) for real-time detection of OP compounds
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