Abstract
The molecular interactions of anionic tetrasulfonate phenyl porphyrin (TPPS) with poly(amido amine) (PAMAM) dendrimers of generation 2.0 and 4.0 (G2 and G4, respectively) forming H- or J-aggregates, as well as with human and bovine serum albumin proteins (HSA and BSA), were reviewed in the context of self-assembly molecular complementarity. The spectroscopic studies were extended to the association of aluminum phthtalocyanine (AlPCS4) detected with a PAMAM G4 dendrimer with fluorescence studies in both steady state and dynamic state, as well as due to the fluorescence quenching associated to electron-transfer with a distribution of lifetimes. The functionalization of TPPS with peripheral substituents enables the assignment of spontaneous pH-induced aggregates with different and well-defined morphologies. Other work reported in the literature, in particular with soft self-assembly materials, fall in the same area with particular interest for the environment. The microencapsulation of TPPS studies into polyelectrolyte capsules was developed quite recently and aroused much interest, which is well supported and complemented by the extensive data reported on the Imaging Microscopy section of the Luminescence of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines included in the present review.
Highlights
The phenomenon of photosynthesis starts with the absorption of light by a chromophore molecule or a set of chromophore molecules in a light-harvesting antenna consisting of many chromophores collecting light energy, which is delivered to a reaction center where charge separation occurs leading to the storage of chemical energy [1,2,3,4,5]
Concepts from supramolecular and molecular chemistry have been linked by Lehn, J.M. [9] in the so-called constitutional dynamic chemistry (CDC), which is relevant for dynamic aspects such as reversible bonds, self-organization, molecular recognition, and donor–acceptor interactions [10]
The red fluorescence emission from porphyrin units was preserved in the nanoscale porphyrin MOFs (NPMOFs), which provided for a means of fluorescence image-guided therapy taking advantage of the high penetration depth in the biological window, as validated in cancer cells, zebrafish, and mice models, used therein for cancer imaging and drug tracking [146]
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Chromophores most widely used for light-harvesting in nature are chlorophylls and bacteriochlorophylls, which are macrocyclic tetrapyrrole compounds. Porphyrins and related tetrapyrroles have been extensively studied due to their importance in biological processes These related classes of molecules play a major role in the biochemistry of all living systems, mainly in biological redox processes such as photosynthesis and respiration, as well as in many other enzymatic reactions. They are often used in the development of artificial photosynthesis or light-harvesting systems, catalysis, and sensor systems [8]. Pounds strong light-absorbing molecules in nature, and they are often referred to as “the Pigments of Life”
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