Abstract
This chapter introduces some basic aspects of fluorescence spectroscopy, focusing on environmental parameters that affect the fluorescence properties of molecules. Fluorescence characteristics of a solute (e.g., intensity, emission spectra maxima, the full width at half maximum (FWHM), emission lifetimes, polarization or anisotropy, emission quantum yield, and the Stokes shift values) are influenced by the interaction of fluorochrome with its environment and the structural characteristics of fluorescent molecule. Fluorochrome is a synonym of fluorescent molecule, fluorescent probe or fluorescent dye, and usually consists of heterocyclic polynuclear scaffold within the molecules containing nitrogen, sulfur, and/or oxygen with delocalized electrons. The quenching of fluorescence consists of any process that reduces the signal of fluorescence and lifetimes of a luminous molecule. Many advantages of fluorescence spectroscopy make it unavoidable for the application in immunoassays, DNA sequencing and flow cytometry, as well as in polymer science. Keywords: DNA sequencing; emission spectra; flow cytometry; fluorescence spectroscopy; fluorochrome; FWHM; immunoassays; quenching
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