Fluorescence quantum yields of matrices used in ultraviolet matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization

Abstract

Ultraviolet matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) is among the most popular soft ionization methods in mass spectrometry. Several theoretical models have been proposed to explain the primary ion generation in MALDI. These models require knowledge of various matrix molecular parameters for simulation. One such parameter is the fluorescence quantum yield. However, the fluorescence quantum yield reported in previous studies remains controversial. In this study, we used a commercial and a homemade integrating sphere to measure the absorption and fluorescence quantum yields of several commonly used matrices, including 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,4-DHB), 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,5-DHB), 2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid, 2,4,6-trihydroxyacetophenone, and ferulic acid. The fluorescence quantum yields of these matrices were determined to be low (<0.08) at low laser fluences and decreased as the laser fluence increased. The fluorescence quantum yields at the typical laser fluence for MALDI are below 0.04 (2,4-DHB and 2,5-DHB) and 0.01 (the other matrices). Shot-to-shot fluctuations of fluorescence intensity and absorption are not directly related to the fluctuation of ions. Possible mechanisms for the decrease in the fluorescence quantum yield as the laser fluence increased were discussed. The fluorescence quantum yields of these commonly used matrices are much lower than those reported in previous studies. Although fluorescence quantum yield is an important parameter and it is crucial to obtain an accurate value for theoretical models in simulations, the use of fluorescence quantum yield alone is not a sufficient parameter to justify these models.