Abstract

This work presents results of in vivo and in situ measurements of hepatocellular carcinoma by a developed optical biopsy system. Here, we describe the technical details of the implementation of fluorescence lifetime and diffuse reflectance measurements by the system, equipped with an original needle optical probe, compatible with the 17.5G biopsy needle standard. The fluorescence lifetime measurements observed by the setup were verified in fresh solutions of NADH and FAD++, and then applied in a murine model for the characterisation of inoculated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and adjacent liver tissue. The technique, applied in vivo and in situ and supplemented by measurements of blood oxygen saturation, made it possible to reveal statistically significant transformation in the set of measured parameters linked with the cellular pools of NADH and NADPH. In the animal model, we demonstrate that the characteristic changes in registered fluorescent parameters can be used to reliably distinguish the HCC tissue, liver tissue in the control, and the metabolically changed liver tissues of animals with the developed HCC tumour. For further transition to clinical applications, the optical biopsy system was tested during the routing procedure of the PNB in humans with suspected HCC. The comparison of the data from murine and human HCC tissues suggests that the tested animal model is generally representative in the sense of the registered fluorescence lifetime parameters, while statistically significant differences between their absolute values can still be observed.

Highlights

  • Primary and secondary cancer processes in the liver are among the most common causes of cancer death worldwide

  • The highest values of StO2 were observed in the tested points of the hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumour (84.6±0.1%, p

  • The parameter in the adjacent liver tissue was higher compared to the values in the control liver tissue (83.0±0.1% and 80.9±0.1% correspondingly, p

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Summary

Introduction

Primary and secondary cancer processes in the liver are among the most common causes of cancer death worldwide. Surgery is one of the main treatment methods for achieving the best results in the survival of patients with this pathology. Primary liver cancer includes hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (75–85% of cases) and cholangiocellular cancer (cholangiocarcinoma) (10–15% of cases), as well as other rare types [1]. Surgeries performed at the first stages of liver cancer in many cases significantly reduce the risk of recurrence of the tumour [5]. According to modern medical views, the presence and nature of tumour pathology are verified only after histological and cytological analysis of the biopsy sample obtained with percutaneous needle biopsy (PNB), which remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of liver cancer [6]. The percentage of inadequate specimens when performing PNB can reach 10% [7]

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