Fluorescence Imaging for Real-Time Monitoring of High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Cardiac Ablation

Abstract

Side effects and limitations of radio-frequency ablation of cardiac arrhythmias prompted search for alternative energy sources and means of their application. High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is becoming an increasingly attractive modality for ablation because of its unique ability for non-invasive or minimally invasive, non-contact focal ablation in 3D volume without affecting intervening and surrounding cells. The purpose of this study is to develop a real-time monitoring technique to elucidate HIFU-induced modifications of electrical conduction in cardiac tissues and to investigate the HIFU cardiac ablation process to help to achieve optimal HIFU ablation outcome. We conducted experimental studies applying HIFU at 4.23 MHz to ablate the atrio-ventricular (AV) node and ventricular tissue of Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts. We employed fluorescent voltage-sensitive dye imaging and surface electrodes to monitor the electrical conduction activity induced by HIFU application in real time. In ventricular epicardium HIFU ablation, fluorescent imaging revealed gradual reduction of the plateau phase and amplitude of the action potential. Subsequently, conduction block and cell death were observed at the site of ablation. When HIFU was applied to the AV node, fluorescent imaging and electrograms revealed the development of the AV block. The study establishes that real-time fluorescent imaging provides novel monitoring and assessment to study HIFU cardiac ablation, which may be able to provide improved understanding of HIFU cardiac ablation process and mechanism useful for development of successful clinical applications.