Abstract
The Yuka gold deposit, located in the western part of northern Qaidam, contains Au orebodies hosted in early Paleozoic metamorphic basic volcaniclastic rocks. The Yuka mineralization can be divided into three stages: early quartz-pyrite (stage-I), middle quartz-gold-polymetallic sulfide (stage-II), and late quartz-carbonate (stage-III). Gold deposition is primarily contained within stage-II. Three types of fluid inclusions were identified in the vein mineral assemblages using petrography and laser Raman spectroscopy: H2O-CO2-NaCl (C-type), H2O-NaCl (W-type), and pure CO2 (PC-type). Stage-I fluids record medium temperatures (205.2°C to 285.5°C) and H2O-CO2-NaCl±CH4 fluids with variable salinities (0.6–8.5 wt.% NaCl equiv.). Stage-II fluids evolved towards a more H2O-rich composition within a H2O-CO2-NaCl±CH4 hydrothermal system at medium temperatures (193.1°C to 271.1°C), with variable salinities (0.4–11.7 wt.% NaCl equiv.). Stage-III fluids are almost pure H2O and characterized by low temperatures (188.1°C to 248.5°C) and salinities (0.4–16.1 wt.% NaCl equiv.). These data indicate that ore-forming fluids are characterized by low to medium homogenization temperatures and low salinity and are evolved from a CO2-rich metamorphogenic fluid to a CO2-poor fluid due to inputs of meteoric waters, which is similar to orogenic-type gold deposits. The average δ18OW of quartz varies from 3.3‰ in stage-I to 2.1‰ in stage-II and to 1.4‰ in stage-III, with the δD values ranging from −41.6‰ to −58.5‰, suggesting that ore-forming fluids formed from metamorphic fluids mixed with meteoric waters. Auriferous pyrite δ34S ranges from 0.5 to 7.4‰ with a mean value of 4.43‰, suggesting that fluids were partially derived from Paleozoic rocks via fluid-wall rock interactions. Auriferous pyrites have 206Pb/204Pb of 18.238–18.600 (average of 18.313), 207Pb/204Pb of 15.590–15.618 (average of 15.604), and 208Pb/204Pb of 38.039–38.775 (average of 38.1697) and stem from the upper crust. Basing on geological characteristics of the ore deposit as well as new data from the ore-forming fluids, and H-O-S-Pb isotopes, the Yuka gold deposit is best described as an orogenic-type gold deposit.
Highlights
Orogenic gold deposits are an important type of deposit formally proposed by Groves et al [1], which account for more than 30% of the world’s gold reserves
The northern Qaidam orogenic belt (NQOB) is an orogenic belt in northwestern China that hosts a range of Au, Cu, Pb, and Zn deposits [23,24,25,26,27,28]
We report dating from fluid inclusion and H–O–S–Pb isotope of the ores from the Yuka
Summary
Orogenic gold deposits are an important type of deposit formally proposed by Groves et al [1], which account for more than 30% of the world’s gold reserves. The northern Qaidam orogenic belt (NQOB) is an orogenic belt in northwestern China that hosts a range of Au, Cu, Pb, and Zn deposits [23,24,25,26,27,28]. The Yuka gold deposit is hosted within metamorphic rocks and contains 5.6 t of Au at an average grade of 2.14 g/t in the northwestern NQOB [29]. No published researches of the Yuka gold deposit exist, and it is genesis as well as the ore-forming fluids that remains unclear. Our research would be helpful to understanding of this class of orogenic gold deposit, which might be helpful for further exploration of the orogenic belts of northwestern China
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