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Abstract
IntroductionS100 proteins are intracellular calcium ion sensors that participate in cellular processes, some of which are involved in normal breast functioning and breast cancer development. Despite several S100 genes being overexpressed in breast cancer, their roles during disease development remain elusive. Human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs) can be exposed to fluid shear stresses and implications of such interactions have not been previously studied. The goal of this study was to analyze expression profiles of S100 genes upon exposing HMECs to fluid flow.MethodsHMECs and breast cancer cell lines were exposed to fluid flow in a parallel-plate bioreactor system. Changes in gene expression were quantified using microarrays and qPCR, gene-gene interactions were elucidated using network analysis, and key modified genes were examined in three independent clinical datasets.ResultsS100 genes were among the most upregulated genes upon flow stimulation. Network analysis revealed interactions between upregulated transcripts, including interactions between S100P, S100PBP, S100A4, S100A7, S100A8 and S100A9. Overexpression of S100s was also observed in patients with early stage breast cancer compared to normal breast tissue, and in most breast cancer patients. Finally, survival analysis revealed reduced survival times for patients with elevated expression of S100A7 and S100P.ConclusionThis study shows that exposing HMECs to fluid flow upregulates genes identified clinically to be overexpressed during breast cancer development, including S100A7 and S100P. These findings are the first to show that S100 genes are flow-responsive and might be participating in a fundamental adaptation pathway in normal tissue that is also active in breast cancer.
Highlights
S100 proteins are intracellular calcium ion sensors that participate in cellular processes, some of which are involved in normal breast functioning and breast cancer development
We found that fluid flow alters expression of many genes in mammary epithelial cells, and that some of these genes, especially those in the S100 family, appear to be important in breast cancer
S100 proteins are small molecular EF-hand calciumbinding proteins found in a broad array of tissues with a variety of expression levels and several members have been implicated in breast cancer development and progression.[1,7,55,70,82]
Summary
S100 proteins are intracellular calcium ion sensors that participate in cellular processes, some of which are involved in normal breast functioning and breast cancer development. Conclusion—This study shows that exposing HMECs to fluid flow upregulates genes identified clinically to be overexpressed during breast cancer development, including S100A7 and S100P. These findings are the first to show that S100 genes are flow-responsive and might be participating in a Keywords—Shear stress, Epithelial, Bioreactor, Gene expression, Psoriasin, Breast cancer. Magnitudes of cell surface shear stresses in the normal breast epithelium have not been defined; they are believed to be lower than those experienced in the breast tumor microenvironment, which are on the order of 0.01–0.7 Pa.[30,43,54] During lactation, these magnitudes are probably higher due to elevated blood flow to the breast in response to increased cell proliferation and lobular expansion.[83]
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