Fluid dynamics of gingiva in diabetic and systemically healthy periodontitis patients

Abstract

Objectives The influence of diabetes mellitus (DM) on the fluid dynamics of periodontium has not been reported in periodontal disease. The objectives of this study were (i) to investigate the alterations in the fluid dynamics of periodontium in diabetic periodontitis patients, and present the association of this phenomenon with the metabolic control of DM; (ii) to reveal any correlation between the fluid dynamics of periodontium and clinical signs of periodontal disease in DM and periodontitis. Design Fifteen well-controlled diabetic chronic periodontitis patients (Group 1), 14 systemically healthy chronic periodontitis patients (Group 2), and 14 systemically and periodontally healthy individuals were included in the study. Gingival crevicular fluid volume (GCF-V) and gingival tissue osmotic pressure (GOP) were used as the parameters of periodontal fluid dynamics. GCF-V was measured by a Periotron device, while GOP was measured by a digital osmometer. Silness–Löe plaque index (PI), Löe–Silness gingival index (GI) and clinical attachment loss (AL) levels were recorded to determine the periodontal health status. Results PI, GI and AL were higher in Groups 1 and 2 than in Group 3 ( P < 0.05), but similar between Groups 1 and 2 ( P > 0.05). Increased GCF-V and GOP were observed in Groups 1 and 2 compared with Group 3 ( P < 0.01), and the increase in Group 1 was greater than that in Group 2 ( P < 0.01). There were strong positive correlations between GCF-V and GOP in all three groups: between GI and GCF-V and GI and GOP in Groups 1 and 2; and between AL and GCF-V and AL and GOP in Groups 2 and 3. Conclusion The results suggest that (i) DM may have an additive influence on the fluid dynamics of periodontium in the presence of periodontal disease; (ii) this phenomenon may not be prevented by the metabolic control of DM; (iii) the clinical signs of periodontal disease may be affected by the fluid dynamics of periodontium in both DM and periodontitis.