Abstract
Nodal cilia play an important role in the left-right symmetry breaking at the early stage of the mammal embryos and show an apparent rotational motion. This study is about the ow induced by cilia sweeping out circular/elliptical cones above a no-slip plane in the low Reynolds number regime. Using the regularized Stokeslet method, we examine the properties of ows generated by a single cilium and multiple cilia, especially two cilia, which are assumed to be anchored to the embryonic heart wall. For a short-term Lagrangian uid tracer trajectory, epicycles are presented as a nodal cilium precesses in either a circular cone or a non-circular cone shape. For the longterm behavior, the trajectory is periodic around both the circular and elliptical cones. Compared to the circular cone cases, the vertical variances are enhanced in elliptical cone cases. Besides tracer trajectories, uid velocity elds are presented to demonstrate the ow structure. When
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