Fluctuations in the Abundance of a Species considered Mathematically

Speciation Associated with Shifts in Migratory Behavior in an Avian Radiation.

The captivating coral — the origins of early evolutionary imagery

“THE English have long understood that the X men of the seaboard are not foreigners, but of the same nation as the men of the cities, the mines, and the fields.” So writes Prof. Hérubel in the very complimentary preface to this English edition of his “Pêches Maritimes d'aujourd'hui et d'autrefois” He flatters us somewhat. The heroism, the picturesqueness, and the more striking hardships of fishing, these are pretty well known; but there is little enough knowledge of the working, as opposed to the spectacular, conditions of fishing, and of the fisheries as a trade and an employment. Fishing, to most people, is the special affair of someone else. Nor has the large amount of scientific research into fishery problems been adequately popularised. It has presented, as it were, no report to and for the general public. There is no good bridge between the highly technical Journal of the Marine Biological Association and learned monographs and trade periodicals on the one side, and unsystematic picture-books about fish and fishing on the other. Sharp controversies affecting the livelihood of more than a hundred thousand sea-going fishermen, who land yearly over ten millions' worth of fish, rouse next to no widespread interest, mainly for the reason that so few people know enough about fishing to hold an opinion.

In the fall of 1959 the centennial of the publication of Darwin’s Origin of Species was celebrated at the University of Chicago. Only recently the proceedings of these meetings, including lectures, papers, panels, and general discussions, have been published in three large volumes. “Species” is defined in various ways. Perhaps the problem is best summarized by Mayr when he points out that there are three different species concepts. Evolution is the general theory that life as we know it on earth today has over a long period of time been developed by differentiation from a single or several primordial cells; descent with modification. In a population of freely interbreeding organisms in nature a change within one organism is likely to affect the population unless something happens to favor the maintainence of this particular change. The population must be so small that mutations will be maintained because the mutant genes form a significant portion of the genes in the gene pool.

Alfred Russel Wallace produced his two-volume treatise, Geographical Distribution of Animals, the first comprehensive treatment with an evolutionary perspective, in 1876. His active interest in the subject, however, began three decades earlier. In 1848, he embarked for Amazonia to seek evidence for species formation by examining the relationship between the distribution and affinity of related species. A series of papers based on his discoveries in the following decade presented not only Wallace's theory of evolution but also his concept of the regional aspects of geographical distribution as the resultant of both physiographic events and the origin and extinction of species. These conceptual papers were all published before Charles Darwin's, On the Origin of species (1859).

Evolutionary Biology: Speciation on Islands

Simple SummaryEvery year an estimated 1.5–2.7 billion wild fish are caught by UK commercial sea fishing fleets subjecting most to severe stressors. Scientific research shows that fish are sentient beings, but UK animal welfare laws do not protect commercially caught wild fish. For example, stunning fish before slaughter is rare and gutting them alive is a common practice. There are therefore major welfare issues in wild capture sea fisheries, no laws to protect the welfare of wild fish at sea, and great potential to reform practice to improve the lives of billions of sentient fish. The article investigates this through reporting findings from interviews with 18 experts with a stake in wild fish welfare. The article reviews the UK fishing industry, policy context and scientific evidence that fish are sentient, linked to stakeholder views about what fish experience during wild capture. The article then analyses industry practices, resultant welfare harms and stakeholder attitudes towards them. No participant disputed that fish are sentient and all were able to identify key stressors to fish in different stages of the capture process, together with potential mitigations. Interviews revealed that harms can be worsened by their hidden nature along with conservative industry attitudes towards brutal practices which would be unacceptable in other areas of animal food production. The article raises awareness of an under-researched welfare problem in UK wild capture sea fisheries but should have wider significance to many fishing nations.An estimated 1.5–2.7 billion wild fish are caught by UK commercial sea fishing fleets annually. Most are subjected to severe stressors during capture; stunning is rare and gutting alive is common practice. Fish are recognised in UK law as sentient beings, but commercially caught wild fish are excluded from welfare protections. Animal welfare impacts in wild capture sea fisheries are therefore on a massive scale, with major potential for legislative and market-based reforms. Interviews were conducted with 18 experts working within the fishing and seafood industry, fisheries management, scientific research and animal/fish advocacy organisations. The findings reveal a significant welfare gap between societally acceptable ways to treat sentient animals and the reality of capture fisheries. The participants pointed to harms caused to fish throughout different stages of the capture process caused by combinations of variables from fishing gear and methods to biological, environmental and other factors, noting that all require mitigation. Interviews revealed that the nature of harms may be exacerbated by conservative attitudes towards brutal practices in the industry, driven by profit and efficiency and free from legal restraint. To address the welfare gap, stakeholders favour engagement with the industry to improve understanding of harms and to identify mutually beneficial and shared objectives through alleviating stressors to fish in the capture process. This empirical research is focused on UK wild capture sea fisheries. However, given the dearth of welfare legislation globally, it has significance for fishing nations and the many billions of wild sea fish captured each year around the world.

We propose a general operational and realistic framework that aims at a generalization of quantum mechanics and relativity theory, such that both appear as special cases of this new theory. Our framework is operational, in the sense that all aspects are introduced with specific reference to events to be experienced, and realistic, in the sense that the hypothesis of an independent existing reality is taken seriously. To come to this framework we present a detailed study of standard quantum mechanics within the axiomatic approach to quantum mechanics, more specifically the Geneva-Brussels approach, identifying two of the traditional 6 axioms as ‘failing axioms’. We prove that these two failing axioms are at the origin of the impossibility for standard quantum mechanics to describe a continuous change from quantum to classical and hence its inability to describe macroscopic physical reality. Moreover we show that the same two axioms are also at the origin of the impossibility for standard quantum mechanics to deliver a model for the compound entity of two ‘separated’ quantum entities. We put forward that it is necessary to replace these two axioms in order to proceed to the more general theory. Next we analyze the nature of the quantum probability model and show that it can be interpreted as the consequence of the presence of a lack of knowledge on the interaction between the measurement apparatus and the physical entity under consideration. These two insights, the failing axioms and the nature of quantum probability, give rise to a very specific view on the quantum phenomenon of nonlocality. Nonlocality should be interpreted as nonspatiality. This means that an entity in a nonlocal state, like for example the typical EPR state, is ‘not inside space’. As a consequence, space is no longer the all embracing theatre of reality, but a structure that has emerged together with the macroscopic material entities that have emerged from the microworld. This clarifies why general relativity theory cannot be used as a basis for the elaboration of the new generalized theory, since in general relativity theory the set of events is taken a priori to be the time-space continuum. Hence in general relativity theory time-space is a basic structure considered to capture all of reality. In our framework we introduce ‘happenings’ and the ‘set of happenings’ as constituting reality. A happening is however not identified with a point of time-space, as this is the case for an events of general relativity theory. We analyze different aspects of the new framework, and list the most important problems to be investigated for an elaboration of this framework into a workable and as complete as possible

Background John Searle's first major work, Speech Acts , appeared in 1969. By then, the tradition of language analysis within which it was framed had matured. Indeed, it was already in the second stage of development. The first stage was strongly influenced by the many accomplishments of science. By the end of the nineteenth century, the revolutionary notion of “natural selection” developed by Charles Darwin in his The Origins of the Species in 1859 and The Descent of Man in 1871 had taken hold. Soon after, in 1905, Albert Einstein presented his special theory of relativity to the world, followed by his general theory in 1916. About the same time, electrons and other subatomic particles were discovered, and Max Planck and Niels Bohr developed their versions of the atomic and quantum theories. Science was on the move. If the changes in science that Copernicus, Brahe, Kepler, Galileo, Newton, Harvey and others had brought about in earlier centuries were revolutionary, the more recent changes toward the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth were equally revolutionary. The newer revolution differed from the older one in many ways. Science now was more mature. It had a history of success in many areas both on the theoretical as well as the practical level of engineering and medicine. Instruments of observation and measurement were more sophisticated than in the past. The newer science also had a broader base since psychology and the other social sciences had joined the family.

What Constitutes Prior Publication?

This article discusses the lines of postmodern thought and its effects on culture as well the place that the new man occupies in this time of transformation. With the publication of Darwin’s book "Origin of Species" - which exceeded the limits of science and shook the religious sphere as it denied the divine origin of man, initiated preached by Creationism – initiated a time of change. Thus, the intellectuality has drawn up new bases of understanding of these new man in time and space. This new movement was reflected in the space of Arts, Literature and Philosophy and leveraged further with the publication of the General Theory of Relativity Einstein, shaking definitely the system inherited from the progressive Christian Western civilization. However, there is still a enigma around the understanding of this new man. "Who am I?" and "Who is the Other?" are questions that guide the artistic productions, but which have not yet been answered, remains a mystery chaotic.

essential to maintaining balance in a community acutely vulnerable to outer pressures and inner conflicts. Christine Eber has written a striking novel that reflects these challenges as well as underscoring the wisdom of Maya culture, which has allowed its people to survive thousands of years under difficult conditions. Her compelling narrative not only shows why these people deserve our respect but moves the reader greatly. Brenda Rosenbaum Mayan Hands Foundation Aline Kominsky-Crumb Love That Bunch Montreal. Drawn & Quarterly. 2018. 211 pages. The reservoir of material for comedy, either stand-up or on the page, is often autobiographical , and this is certainly the case for Aline Kominsky-Crumb (yes, she is married to the R. Crumb, who has his own autobiographical comic reservoir). KominskyCrumb first hit the comics scene in San Books in Review Anna Laestadius Larsson Hilma: En roman om gåtan Hilma af Klint Stockholm. Piratförlaget. 2017. 323 pages. SEEING TO BELIEVING: it could be the motto for this book. Hilma, “A novel about the enigma that was Hilma af Klint,” is a captivating, intelligently fictionalized “life” of a painter who has only recently become internationally famous, but it seems hard to engage with the character Hilma af Klint. Her fervent—and, yes, enigmatic—psychic beliefs dominate her story, increasingly taking over from what we instinctively warm to as “normal” preoccupations. But, seeing her paintings, manifestations of another world perceived by her alone, is not only an overwhelming experience but also imparts meaning to her as a character and as a person. Hilma af Klint was born in 1862 into a comfortable upper-middle-class family. She was well educated for a girl of that time and class; her father had enchanted her with mathematical games and stories of scientific advances ever since she was a clever, fey child. She read On the Origin of Species while still a schoolgirl, partly because she found Darwin’s theories a good way to stop the spirit of her dead older sister, Anna, from spooking her. For the rest of Hilma’s life, her art was inspired by the tensions between our biological existence and the spiritual messages flowing into her mind, mostly in a quasireligious flow of hightoned moral instruction. A young woman at a time when the barriers against women doing anything other than getting and being married were breaking down, Hilma was eventually allowed to study art seriously. During a period as a struggling painter of landscapes and portraits , she became part of The Five, a group of women with similar interests and backgrounds . The group served as an emotional hothouse that encouraged Hilma’s few love affairs—all with other women—as well as her growing fascination with esoteric knowledge. The most extraordinary part of her life as an artist followed from a gradual , instinctive rejection of the demands of bodily pleasures, from food to love, until she had eschewed just about everything but contemplation of nature (late in life, she studied mosses and flowers with a botanist’s focus on detail) and painting. af Klint would have understood what her contemporary and potential soulmate Kandinsky meant by seeking “to symbolize the innerer Klang or inner need of the artist.” Spiritual guidance drove her to express transcendent truths in abstract shapes and glowing colors on very large canvases—the extraordinary Temple series alone contains almost two hundred of these. Text, including spirit “words,” as well as elements of mathematics and biology are included in the images. Anna Laestadius Larsson deals ingeniously with the challenge of portraying the woman as well as her work by creating a frame story: eighty-two-year-old Hilma tells her grown-up nephew Erik about her life. We gain insights into her steadiness of purpose and personal magnetism; Erik is deeply impressed both by his aunt and her art, but—like so many of us—confused by the talk of spirits. Hilma’s storytelling explains a great deal about her, including her fundamental lack of interest in other people. ANNA LAESTADIUS LARSSON 104 WLT WINTER 2019 Francisco in 1972 with Goldie, published by the Wimmen’s Comix Collective. Goldie, a clear precursor to Bunch, is neurotic, selfdeprecating , and striving. Bunch followed...

essential to maintaining balance in a community acutely vulnerable to outer pressures and inner conflicts. Christine Eber has written a striking novel that reflects these challenges as well as underscoring the wisdom of Maya culture, which has allowed its people to survive thousands of years under difficult conditions. Her compelling narrative not only shows why these people deserve our respect but moves the reader greatly. Brenda Rosenbaum Mayan Hands Foundation Aline Kominsky-Crumb Love That Bunch Montreal. Drawn & Quarterly. 2018. 211 pages. The reservoir of material for comedy, either stand-up or on the page, is often autobiographical , and this is certainly the case for Aline Kominsky-Crumb (yes, she is married to the R. Crumb, who has his own autobiographical comic reservoir). KominskyCrumb first hit the comics scene in San Books in Review Anna Laestadius Larsson Hilma: En roman om gåtan Hilma af Klint Stockholm. Piratförlaget. 2017. 323 pages. SEEING TO BELIEVING: it could be the motto for this book. Hilma, “A novel about the enigma that was Hilma af Klint,” is a captivating, intelligently fictionalized “life” of a painter who has only recently become internationally famous, but it seems hard to engage with the character Hilma af Klint. Her fervent—and, yes, enigmatic—psychic beliefs dominate her story, increasingly taking over from what we instinctively warm to as “normal” preoccupations. But, seeing her paintings, manifestations of another world perceived by her alone, is not only an overwhelming experience but also imparts meaning to her as a character and as a person. Hilma af Klint was born in 1862 into a comfortable upper-middle-class family. She was well educated for a girl of that time and class; her father had enchanted her with mathematical games and stories of scientific advances ever since she was a clever, fey child. She read On the Origin of Species while still a schoolgirl, partly because she found Darwin’s theories a good way to stop the spirit of her dead older sister, Anna, from spooking her. For the rest of Hilma’s life, her art was inspired by the tensions between our biological existence and the spiritual messages flowing into her mind, mostly in a quasireligious flow of hightoned moral instruction. A young woman at a time when the barriers against women doing anything other than getting and being married were breaking down, Hilma was eventually allowed to study art seriously. During a period as a struggling painter of landscapes and portraits , she became part of The Five, a group of women with similar interests and backgrounds . The group served as an emotional hothouse that encouraged Hilma’s few love affairs—all with other women—as well as her growing fascination with esoteric knowledge. The most extraordinary part of her life as an artist followed from a gradual , instinctive rejection of the demands of bodily pleasures, from food to love, until she had eschewed just about everything but contemplation of nature (late in life, she studied mosses and flowers with a botanist’s focus on detail) and painting. af Klint would have understood what her contemporary and potential soulmate Kandinsky meant by seeking “to symbolize the innerer Klang or inner need of the artist.” Spiritual guidance drove her to express transcendent truths in abstract shapes and glowing colors on very large canvases—the extraordinary Temple series alone contains almost two hundred of these. Text, including spirit “words,” as well as elements of mathematics and biology are included in the images. Anna Laestadius Larsson deals ingeniously with the challenge of portraying the woman as well as her work by creating a frame story: eighty-two-year-old Hilma tells her grown-up nephew Erik about her life. We gain insights into her steadiness of purpose and personal magnetism; Erik is deeply impressed both by his aunt and her art, but—like so many of us—confused by the talk of spirits. Hilma’s storytelling explains a great deal about her, including her fundamental lack of interest in other people. ANNA LAESTADIUS LARSSON 104 WLT WINTER 2019 Francisco in 1972 with Goldie, published by the Wimmen’s Comix Collective. Goldie, a clear precursor to Bunch, is neurotic, selfdeprecating , and striving. Bunch followed...

The Unbridgeable Gulf Forever Separating A. Smith and J. M. Keynes from Bentham, Classical Economists, Neoclassical Economists, And Modernn Economists (Friedman, Becker, Stigler, Lucas, Sargent, Wallace, Muth, Kydland, Prescott, etc.): The Formal and Mathematical Concepts of Uncertainty, Weight of the Evidence, and Confidence

This paper concerns the brief history of the Regional Innovation Systems (RIS) concept. It shows that the success of the concept in academic and policy circles is because, unlike most regional economic policy instruments, it is flexible and eschews 'one-size-fits-all' type thinking by analysing and advocating different instruments according to the characteristics of the region. There are three sources of influence upon the concept. The first one is general systems theory, especially as it evolved in the late 1960s as the systems planning perspective. Second, the innovation systems approach was influenced by an emergent regional innovation policy and practice literature in the 1980s. Finally, it drew on ideas of 'network regions' which themselves have origins in industrial district theory, milieu research, and finally, innovation systems studies. The whole has made for one of the fastest growing research literatures in innovation studies generally. At the policy level, RIS strategies have in recent years been adopted by countries such as South Korea, China, Norway and Sweden.