Abstract
Linear irreversible thermodynamics predicts that the entropy production rate can become negative. We demonstrate this prediction for metals under AC driving whose conductivity is well described by the Drude-Sommerfeld model. We then show that these negative rates are fully compatible with stochastic thermodynamics, namely, that the entropy production does fulfill a fluctuation theorem. The analysis is concluded with the observation that the stochastic entropy production as defined by the surprisal or ignorance of the Shannon information does not agree with the phenomenological approach.
Highlights
The only processes that are fully describable by means of traditional thermodynamics are infinitely slow successions of equilibrium states [1]
We demonstrate this prediction for metals under AC-driving whose conductivity is welldescribed by the Drude-Sommerfeld model. We show that these negative rates are fully compatible with stochastic thermodynamics, namely, that the entropy production does fulfill a fluctuation theorem
We show that the entropy production as defined in linear, irreversible thermodynamics fulfills a fluctuation theorem
Summary
The only processes that are fully describable by means of traditional thermodynamics are infinitely slow successions of equilibrium states [1]. While considering such idealized situations is well-suited to formulate universal statements, its practical insight is somewhat limited. In electrical conduction the entropy production rate can become negative. Such negative rates occur in situations, in which the external driving is too fast for the system to react, and the response lacks behind the overall dynamics. We will see that the irreversible entropy production and the stochastic entropy production are typically different, and that they only become identical in the limit of infinitely slow driving
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