Abstract
The discharge in a river or canal can be measured indirectly using weirs and flumes, which enable measured water levels to be related to discharge through known rating functions. A single upstream water level measurement is sufficient if the structure operates as a control, but the downstream level is also required under submerged conditions. Rating functions are provided for different types of weir, including sharp-crested horizontal and triangular weirs, broad-crested weirs and Crump weirs with horizontal and V-shaped crests. A general formulation for flumes is presented, followed by design details for the Parshall and cutthroat flumes. A procedure is described for estimating the discharge error in terms of the water level measurement error.
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