Abstract
Green synthesis has gained wide attention as a sustainable, reliable, and eco-friendly approach to the synthesis of a variety of nanomaterials, including hybrid materials, metal/metal oxide nanoparticles, and bioinspired materials. Plant flowers contain diverse secondary compounds, including pigments, volatile substances contributing to fragrance, and other phenolics that have a profound ethnobotanical relevance, particularly in relation to the curing of diseases by ‘Pushpa Ayurveda’ or floral therapy. These compounds can be utilized as potent reducing agents for the synthesis of a variety of metal/metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs), such as gold, silver, copper, zinc, iron, and cadmium. Phytochemicals from flowers can act both as reducing and stabilizing agents, besides having a role as precursor molecules for the formation of NPs. Furthermore, the synthesis is mostly performed at ambient room temperatures and is eco-friendly, as no toxic derivatives are formed. The NPs obtained exhibit unique and diverse properties, which can be harnessed for a variety of applications in different fields. This review reports the use of a variety of flower extracts for the green synthesis of several types of metallic nanoparticles and their applications. This review shows that flower extract was mainly used to design gold and silver nanoparticles, while other metals and metal oxides were less explored in relation to this synthesis. Flower-derived silver nanoparticles show good antibacterial, antioxidant, and insecticidal activities and can be used in different applications.
Highlights
The theoretical concept of nanotechnology was first described in 1959 by the physicist, Richard Feynman [1]
All these criteria have been proposed as the primary prerequisite for green nanoparticle synthesis [11].This review focuses on the use of flower extracts for the green synthesis of several types of nanoparticles and their applications
The flower-mediated green synthesis of NPs is a vigorous method that does not require any specific isolation and maintenance procedures, which are needed in bacteria, fungi, or algae-based nanoparticle synthesis approaches
Summary
The theoretical concept of nanotechnology was first described in 1959 by the physicist, Richard Feynman [1]. The bottom-up approach usually used to synthesize nanoparticles normally involves aggressive reducing agents (hydrazine and sodium borohydride), along with a capping agent and volatile solvent, like chloroform and toluene These methods are effective in synthesizing well-defined and pure metallic nanoparticles, but their production cost remains the main hinderance [10]. There is a need for the development of a cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative, which would allow an eco-friendly reducing agent, environmentally compatible solvents and nonhazardous capping agents to be used for the synthesis of nanoparticles All these criteria have been proposed as the primary prerequisite for green nanoparticle synthesis [11].This review focuses on the use of flower extracts for the green synthesis of several types of nanoparticles and their applications. It highlights the key challenges of green flower-mediated nanoparticles
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