Flow Visualization and Flow Pattern Identification With Power Spectral Density Distributions of Pressure Traces During Refrigerant Condensation in Smooth and Microfin Tubes

Abstract

This paper presents a flow pattern identifier of the prevailing flow regime during refrigerant condensation inside smooth- and microfin tubes. The power spectral density distribution of the fluctuating condensing pressure signal was used to identify the prevailing flow regime, as opposed to the traditional (and subjective) use of visual-only methods, and/or smooth-tube flow regime maps. The prevailing flow regime was observed by using digital cameras and was validated with the use of the conventional smooth-tube flow regime transition criteria, as well as a new flow regime map for microfin-tube condensation. Experimental work was conducted for condensing refrigerants R-22, R-407C, and R-134a at an average saturation temperature of 40°C with mass fluxes ranging from 300–800 kg/m2 s, and with vapor qualities ranging from 0.05–0.15 at condenser outlet to 0.85–0.95 at condenser inlet. Tests were conducted with one smooth-tube condenser and three microfin-tube condensers (with helix angles of 10°, 18°, and 37° respectively). The power spectral density distributions of the condensing pressure signals distinguish the annular and intermittent (slug and plug) flows. A very low resonant frequency (<40 Hz) and low power spectral density amplitude of the pressure oscillation denoted stratified and wavy flows. As the annular flow regime was approached, the oscillations became larger and their frequencies increased (typically 40–120 Hz). Intermittent flow showed the most distinct character of all flow regimes. Its trace consisted of large amplitude pressure pulses occurring at fairly constant frequencies (approximately 50, 60, 80, 100, and 120 Hz). As the transition from intermittent to annular flow began, the pressure fluctuations became less regular and the amplitude dropped sharply.