Abstract

Abstract Four regimes are identified for two-dimensional, unstructured, nonrotating, continuously stratified, hydrostatic, uniform Boussinesq flow over an isolated mountain ridge: (I) flow with neither wave breaking aloft nor upstream blocking (F≥1.12, where F = U/ NH; U and N are upstream basic flow speed and Brunt-Vaisala frequency, respectively; and h is the mountain height), (II) flow with wave breaking aloft in the absence of upstream blocking (0.9 < F≤1. 12), (III) flow with both wave breaking and upstream blocking, but where wave breaking occurs first (0.6≤F≤0.9), and (IV) flow with both wave breaking and upstream blocking, but where blocking occurs first (0.3≤F≤0.6). In regime I, neither wave breaking nor upstream blocking occurs, but columnar disturbance does exist. The basic flow structure resembles either linear or weakly nonlinear mountain waves. It is found that the columnar disturbance is independent of the wave breaking aloft. In regime II, an internal jump forms at the downstream edge of t...

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