Flow due to a porous stretching/shrinking sheet with thermal radiation and mass transpiration

Abstract

AbstractThis study investigates the behavior of carbon nanotubes (CNT) approaching an unsteady flow of a Newtonian fluid over a stagnation point on a stretching surface employing porous media. It flows when the liquid begins to move with the progression of time. Heat exchange with the environment has an impact on the flow. The implicitly limited component technique is used to solve the nondimensional partial differential equation with an associated boundary layer, which is an unstable system. Analytically, the solutions, as well as the required boundary conditions, are obtained. The effects of mass transpiration, volume fraction, and heat radiation on Newtonian fluid flow through porous media are explored. Single‐ and multi‐walled CNTs are used as well as water, as base fluids in the experiment. The impact of thermal radiation and heat source/sink is shown in the energy equation, which is solved under four different cases: uniform heat flux case, constant wall temperature case, general power‐law wall heat flux case, and general power‐law wall temperature case. By supplying distinct physical characteristics, a theoretical analysis of the existence and nonexistence of unique and dual solutions may be explored. These physical parameters determine the velocity distribution and temperature distribution. Prescribed surface temperature (PST) and prescribed wall heat flux (PHF) heat transfer solutions can be written using confluent hypergeometric equations, and generic power‐law PST and PHF situations can also be expressed using confluent hypergeometric equations. The graphical representations assist in the discussion of the current study's findings.