Abstract

A numerical study is made to investigate fully developed laminar flow characteristics in a curved square duct of finite curvature ratio. It is shown that, above critical Dean numbers, a pair of Dean vortices due to centrifugal instability appears near the center of the outside wall in addition to the secondary flow vortices. A stability diagram is given in the domain of Dean number and curvature ratio. On the basis of a similarity consideration, we propose new nondimensional expressions of flow characteristics that represent a whole range of parameters inclusively. Two friction factors are proved to be different for small curvature ratio, and a correlation is developed.

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