FLORAL DEVELOPMENT OF A FLOWER‐STRUCTURE MUTANT IN SOYBEANS, GLYCINE MAX (L.) MERR. (LEGUMINOSAE)

Abstract

A flower‐structure mutant with cleistogamous flowers (but often with an exposed style and stigma) and very low seed set was found in soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). The mutant, assigned Genetic Type Collection Number T269, is controlled genetically by duplicate recessive genes, fs1 and fs2. A study of flower development in T269 plants was undertaken to determine the cause of the low seed set. Both normal and mutant flower buds were observed with a light microscope by using paraffin serial sections and with a scanning electron microscope. Measurements of various floral structures were taken to verify differences observed between mutant and normal flowers. Young mutant flower buds had longer carpels and larger receptacles than did normal flower buds. These two factors caused the sepals to be positioned abnormally, which, in turn, prevented normal development of the petals. The abnormal petal development prevented staminal tube elongation, and a spatial separation between the anthers and stigma existed at anthesis, preventing self‐pollination. Observations of the gynoecium of mutant flowers revealed that megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis were normal but that other features of ovule ontogeny were abnormal. In all ovules examined, the outer integuments failed to form micropyles. In addition, many ovules were positioned abnormally. The degree of aberration varied even within a carpel, but we estimated that at least 75% of the ovules were too aberrant to be functional. Therefore, the low seed set on T269 plants was due both to a lack of self‐pollination and to partial female sterility. It is the only naturally occurring structural sterile reported in soybeans to date.