Flora vascular de humedales permanentes y transitorios bonaerenses (Buenos Aires, Argentina)

Cladocerans are important filter-feeders transferring energy up the food web to different invertebrate and vertebrate predators. Along the flood period, cladocerans are one of the primary food sources for juvenile fish in floodplain. Resting egg banks allow cladoceran populations to overcome the environmental stress, related to several limnological changes, including complete drying of temporary wetlands. After drought, resting egg banks influence cladoceran community attributes during the cyclic and successional processes driven by episodic flood events. In this study we compared the taxonomic richness of active (from the water column) and dormant (from the sediment) Cladocera assemblages and analyzed the structure of resting egg banks, comparing the diversity, abundance and apparent viability/unviability of the eggs, between six temporary and six permanent wetlands, located along the Ovens River Floodplain, Victoria, Australia. The qualitative analysis shows higher taxonomic richness in active assemblages from temporary (24 taxa) than permanent (13 taxa) wetlands compared to dormant assemblages present in resting egg banks (9 taxa) from temporary and permanent wetlands. However, richness was influenced by taxonomic level of identification, with the majority of resting eggs only being identified to the taxonomic level of family (i.e. Chydoridae). Total taxa richness within egg banks was similar between wetland types, however, on average higher Shannon’s diversity of resting eggs was found within permanent (1.53) than temporary (0.82) wetlands. This is likely to be due to more stable wetlands not providing appropriate cues to trigger dormancy induction or breakage for specific populations, leading to higher values of evenness in permanent than temporary wetlands. Comparing permanent and temporary wetlands, higher abundance of resting eggs (more than four times) consisting of higher abundance of unviable eggs and similar viable egg abundance to permanent wetlands, was found within temporary wetlands, suggesting that the increased resting egg abundance in temporary wetlands is balanced by the losses due to factors such as predation, parasitism or other physical damage, during the terrestrial phase. Despite resistant outer shell structure, this study highlights that the damage to egg integrity is intensified in wetlands that undergo dry phases. Cladoceran resting egg banks represent the potential assemblage to recover after disturbance events such as drying, and information about these is important to ensure appropriate management and conservation of floodplain biodiversity.

Temporary and permanent wetland macroinvertebrate communities: Phylogenetic structure through time

Subfossil chironomid head capsules have been used extensively as proxies to characterise past environmental conditions of waterbodies. To date, their potential to distinguish between temporary and permanent waterbodies has not been determined. This study set out to assess if subfossil chironomid head capsules could be used to distinguish between temporary and permanent floodplain wetlands from the Ovens River, south-eastern Australia. Twenty-six taxa were collected in both wetland types: one taxon (Paracladopelma spp.) was found exclusively in permanent wetlands; and five taxa (Cladopelma spp., Cryptochironomus spp., Microchironomus spp., Microtendipes spp. and Cricotopus spp.) were found exclusively in temporary wetlands. The overall concentrations of chironomid head capsules were greater in permanent than temporary wetlands. Furthermore, eight taxa were found in significantly higher concentrations in permanent than temporary wetlands but, apart from the unique taxa, the concentrations of no other taxa were significantly greater in the temporary than permanent wetlands. The temporary and permanent wetlands had distinct chironomid assemblages, as evidenced by the abundance and presence/absence data. This study highlights the importance of heterogeneity in the environment to maintain chironomid diversity and suggests that chironomid subfossils have the potential to be useful in palaeoecological studies aiming to reconstruct past changes in hydrology.

A large number of permanent and temporary wetlands are associated with the lowland rivers in south-eastern Australia. Regulation of these rivers for irrigated agriculture has probably increased the temporary nature of some wetlands because the reduced frequency of overbank flows causes them to remain dry for longer. The responses of macroinvertebrate assemblages (species composition and abundance) to inundation in permanent and temporary wetlands on the floodplain of the unregulated Ovens River were examined, and these responses were compared with those from permanent and temporary wetlands in the Barmah-Millewa forest of the regulated River Murray. The compositions of macroinvertebrate assemblages in permanent wetlands could not be distinguished from those of temporary wetlands on the Ovens after inundation, although changes in abundance of some taxa (especially chironomids) meant that the assemblages in permanent wetlands differed significantly before and after flooding. In contrast, after inundation, permanent and temporary wetlands in the Barmah-Millewa forest differed significantly and this difference was sustained through time. This different response of macroinvertebrate assemblages on the two floodplains may be an effect of regulation, although other explanations, such as differences between the floodplains in the mechanism of inundation and historical water regimes, or climatid differences between years, may also be important. Further studies should include concurrent sampling on a wider range of regulated floodplains and experiments manipulating water allocations to wetlands, to test specific hypotheses about the effects of water regime on biota.

To build and optimize the plant landscape with low impact development, plant community characteristics and species diversity in a low-impact development demonstration area, being key to ecological benefits of plant communities, were determined. Taking the plant community in the low-impact development demonstration area of Zhenjiang City as the research object, plant, community quantity characteristics, community structural factors, community diversity, and community clustering were analyzed through typical sample and quantitative analysis methods including a cluster analysis and principal factor analysis. 48 sample plots were set randomly with the 100 m2 standard plot as the main plot, and 204 squares were set in total. Results showed(1) There were 74 families, 147 genera, and 181 species of vascular plants. Pterocarya stenoptera, Cinnamomum camphora, and Koelreuteria integrifoliola were the dominant tree species; Photinia×fraseri, Ligustrum japonicum, and Hypericum monogynum were the dominant shrub species; and Cynodon dactylon, Iris tectorum, and Ophiopogon japonicus were the dominant herb species. (2) The plant community was described by five factors: tree characteristics, ratio of tree to shrub traits, shrub diversity, herb characteristics, and tree diversity. (3) For the tree layer, the diversity index of marginal green space was highest. Various diversity indexes of the shrub layer were shown as road green space > marginal green area > node green area > waterfront green area. (4) The importance values of shrub species were also used as data sources for the cluster analysis, which, according to appearance and clustering of the sample community, showed 48 sample land communities that could be divided into 13 types. In conclusion, all green space types showed a consistent species diversity trend: shrub > tree > herb. The species richness was low, and the internal structure of the community was single.

In this study, Floristic composition, diversity, population structure and regeneration status of woody plant species of Yegof Forest in South Wollo Zone, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia were analyzed. Data were collected from 72 quadrants, each of which was 20 m × 20 m area. Sorensen‟s similarity coefficient was used to detect similarities and differences among different forests of Ethiopia. Shannon -Wiener diversity index was applied to quantify species diversity and richness. A total of 123 vascular plant species, representing 109 genera and 63 families were recorded. One hundred and twelve of the species collected from sample plots were used for floristic and structural analysis. The rest 11 were collected out of the sample plots but from the same forest and were used to describe the complete floristic list. Out of the total plant species which have been included in the preliminary list assessed for IUCN Red data List, 9 were found to be endemic to Ethiopia. The family Fabaceae had the highest number of species (8) followed by Asteraceae (7 species), Poaceae (6 species), Lamiaceae and Solanaceae (5 species each). The five most abundant woody plant species in the forest were Dodonaea angustifolia, Myrsine africana, Olea europaea subsp cuspidata, Juniperus procera and Erica arborea. In the forest, the overall Shannon-Wiener diversity was 3.73 and evenness of woody species was 0.79, indicating that the diversity and evenness of woody species in the forest is relatively high. Woody species density for mature individuals was 1685 stems ha-1, density of saplings was 1800 stems ha-1 and the density of seedlings was 2089 stems ha-1. Density decreased with increasing tree height and DBH classes. The basal area of the forest was 25.4 m2/ha. We prioritized tree species for conservation using criteria such as species population structure, important value index and regeneration status. The population structure in the forest revealed that there is a need for conservation priority of woody plant with poor regeneration status. Based on the result of the study, research on the soil seed bank, population dynamics and ethno botany are recommended. Keywords: Floristic composition, Endemic species, IUCN Red list Phytogeographical Comparison, Population Structure, Yegof Forest

The River Murray, Australia, is a highly regulated river from which almost 80% of mean annual flow is removed for human use, primarily irrigated agriculture. Consequent changes to the pattern and volume of river flow are reflected in floodplain hydrology and, therefore, the wetting/drying patterns of floodplain wetlands. To explore the significance of these changes, macroinvertebrate samples were compared between permanent and temporary wetlands following experimental flooding in a forested floodplain of the River Murray. Weekly samples from two permanent wetlands and four associated temporary sites were used to track changes in macroinvertebrate assemblage composition. Non‐metric multidimensional scaling was used to ordinate the macroinvertebrate data, indicating consistent differences between the biota of permanent and temporary wetlands and between the initial and later assemblages in the temporary sites. There were marked changes over time, but little sign that the permanent and temporary assemblages were becoming more alike over the 25‐week observation period. The apparent heterogeneity of these systems is of particular importance in developing river management plans which are likely to change flooding patterns. Such plans need to maintain a mosaic of wetland habitats if floodplain biodiversity is to be supported. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Neste estudo é apresentada a composição e similaridade florística de espécies vasculares sinantrópicas em uma área periurbana antropizada, no município de João Pessoa, Estado da Paraíba, e sua relação com outras floras sinantrópicas. Foram encontradas 98 espécies, em 75 gêneros e 30 famílias. Entre as espécies, 41,84% são cosmopolitas; 29,6%, pantropicais; 13,3% ocorrem apenas no cone sul da América; 8,2%, neotropicais; 5,1%, gondwânicas; e 2% ocorrem em toda a América. Asteraceae e Poaceae foram as famílias mais representativas em número de espécies. Os resultados foram comparados com os de outros levantamentos florísticos correlatos, utilizando o índice de similaridade de Sörensen, e observou-se que não é somente a proximidade geográfica entre os locais estudados que reflete uma maior similaridade florística entre as áreas, e sim a amplitude dos táxons e a presença de micro-habitat semelhante. A área de estudo está relacionada a uma área inserida na região Centro-Oeste do Brasil.

This dataset is a shapefile representing the proportion of threatened endemic species (both plants and animals) in 247 countries along with associated environmental and socioeconomic drivers. The geographic coordinate system is World Geodetic System 1984 (EPSG: 4326). Information on a total of 65,125 endemic species including 27,294 globally threatened endemic species (55% threatened plant species, 45% threatened animal species) was extracted from the IUCN Red List. The categories of threatened species used in the analyses included vulnerable (VU), endangered (EN), critically endangered (CR), extinct in the wild (EW) and globally extinct (EX). We calculated the proportion of globally threatened endemic species among the total number of assessed endemic species per country (Chamberlain et al., 2020). Associated environmental socioeconomic regional correlates included: 1) Cropland: The proportion of each country covered by crops (including food, fibre and fodder crops and pasture grasses) was determined based on a FAO global map with a resolution of 5 arc-minutes (von Velthuizen et al., 2007); 2) HANPP: The proportion of net primary production appropriated by humans (HANPP) by harvesting or burning biomass and by converting natural ecosystems to managed lands with lower productivity was derived for the year 2010 from Krausmann et al. (2013); 3) Delta HANPP: We also computed the increase in HANPP over the period 1962-2010 (Krausmann et al., 2013); 4) per area GDP: The per area gross domestic product (GDP, in international $) was obtained by calculating the median value over each country of all 5 arcmin cells of a recently gridded GDP dataset (Kummu et al., 2018); 5) Human Footprint (HFP): The global terrestrial human footprint (HFP) is an index integrating the influence of built environments, population density, electric infrastructure, croplands, pasture lands, roads, railways, and navigable waterways on the environment based on remotely-sensed and bottom-up survey information (Venter et al., 2016). We extracted from a 1 km resolution HFP map the median value over each country in 2009; 6) Delta HFP: We also calculated the increase in median HFP over the period 1993-2009 (Venter et al., 2016); 7) Invasive alien plants: The richness of invasive alien vascular plant species recorded in each country was compiled by Essl et al. (2019); 8) Invasive alien animals: The richness of invasive alien animal species was derived from the Global Register of Introduced and Invasive Species database (http://griis.org/ accessed on 27-6-2018); 9) Delta temperature: Based on decadal climate maps produced by the IPCC over the last century with a 0.5° resolution, we calculated the median of the change in annual mean temperature (in °C) between 1901-1910 and 1981-1990 (Mitchell & Jones, 2005); 10) Delta rainfall: The same for annual precipitation (in mm); 11) Velocity temperature: We also calculated the median velocity of climate change based on the formula from Hamann et al. (2015) to evaluate the distance (in °) over which a species must migrate over the surface of the earth to maintain constant temperature conditions; 12) Velocity rainfall: The same for precipitation; 13) Roadless areas: The median area of a roadless fragment (in km²) was calculated from the global map of roadless areas published by Ibisch et al. (2016); 14) Wilderness areas: The proportion of wildlands (categories ‘wild woodlands’ and ‘wild treeless and barren lands’) was calculated from the anthropogenic biome map of Ellis et al. (2010); 15) Protected areas: The proportion of protected areas was estimated from the IUCN’s shapefile of World Database on Protected Areas (https://www.iucn.org/theme/protected-areas/our-work/world-database-protected-areas); 16) Conservation spending: The mean annual conservation spending of each country (in international $) was taken from Waldron et al. (2017) to quantify investment to mitigate biodiversity loss; 17) Completeness of biodiversity information: We used data on the estimated percentage completeness of species records in GBIF, as assessed through comparison with independent estimates of native richness. Inventory effort indices available for vertebrates (Meyer et al., 2015) and vascular plants (Meyer et al., 2016) were merged into a single metric based upon an average weighted by estimated native species richness.

Ostrya multinervis is an endangered species to China. To understand the O. multinervis plant community's structural characteristics and species diversity so as to protect this rare and endangered plant. A survey of the community structure and species diversity of O. multinervis was conducted through quadrat sampling at Shiyang Forest Farm, Wencheng County, Zhejiang Province. Using permanent plots and the technique of examining every individual, all trees in quadrats established in the community to quantify the community structural characteristics were identified and measured. Analysis included the Shannon-Wiener, Simpson, and Pielou indexes. Results showed 40 families, 52 genera, and 60 species of vascular plants with eight species of pteridophyte belonging to seven genera in six families, one species of gymnosperms belonging to one genus in one family, and 51 species of angiosperms belonging to 44 genera in 33 families. The vertical structure was composed of three layers:tree layer, shrub layer, and herb layer, in which O. multinervis was the dominant species in the tree layer, Illicium lanceolatum was the dominant species in the shrub layer, and Diplopterygium glaucum was the dominant species in the herb layer. Overall, phanerophytes accounted for the greatest number (41.7%). Species richness for the shrub layer was the largest of the three communities with the Shannon-Wiener, Simpson, and Pielou indexes larger than herb and tree layers(P < 0.05). Tree height distribution in the tree layer for whole trees was relatively uniform, the diameter order was an inverse J type species distribution, and tree height and diameter structure showed near normal distributions for O. multinervis. In summary, O. multinervis communities had a high species diversity and community stability, but were endangered by a lack of young individuals which could be overcome with closure of hillsides to facilitate afforestation, strengthening of research on highly efficient breeding technologies for O. multinervis, and implementation of artificial rearing measures to ensure a normal development of the population.

Various environmental conditions (from Tropical to Tempe ration condition) of Iran have made this country one of the major parts of plant diversity in the world. Plants have played an important role in Iranian people’s life. The study is located in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province in western Iran (31◦ 09' to 32◦ 38' N and 49◦ 30' to 51◦ 26' E) with an area of 16,332 km2 and a population of about 895,263. Endemic plants were collected during 2017-2019 from different locations in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. Most of the studied regions were situated in orchards, highlands and neighboring farmlands. The plant raw materials were cleaned, dried and fixed at room temperature. In this study, a number of 61 native plant species with medicinal properties was collected during three years. Among the 70 people that were interviewed (mean age of 60 years old), 61 species of vascular plants were identified for treatment of various human ailments. Ethopharmacologic report is made consisting of species names, vernacular names, popular uses of the plants and their pharmacological properties. Identifying plant classification (taxa) was done in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Agricultural Research Center and Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection. The results showed that most of the collected species were belonged to Asteraceae (12 species). Other families are included: Fabaceae (seven species), Brassicaceae (five species), Lamiaceae and Solanacea (four species).This study shows a high herbal biodiversity of the medicinal plants in Iran as well as a fascinating potential for profitable studies on medicinal plant breeding, chemistry and pharmacology of the feature drugs.

The are 266 medicinal vascular plants from 181 genera, 64 families, 5 phylum (Lycopodiophyta, Equisetophyta, Pteridophyta, Pinophyta, Magnoliophyta) in the «Buzuluksky Bor» national park. 67 species of medicinal vascular plants from 59 genera, 27 families and 4 phylum grows in forest communities, which are the most widespread such plants as Chelidonium majus L., Convallaria majalis L., Fallopia convolvulus (L.) A. Love, Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce, Taraxacum officinalis L. and Pinus sylvestris L. Increasing number of medicinal plants has a considerable projective covering in oak forests. 30 species of medicinal plants, most of all their share in the maple forests are specific to a certain type of forest communities. The greatest similarities of specific structure of medicinal plants are oak and birch communities. The number of medicinal plants in forest communities decreases among: oak forests (35 species) > birch forests (33 species) > pine forests (30 species) > maple forests (29 species). With increase in a gigrotope and reduction of a trofotope in community of the national park «Buzuluksky Bor» located in a forest-steppe zone a variety of medicinal plants increases, however the heliotope has no significant impact on number of medicinal plants. In the territory of national park «Buzuluksky Bor» it is recommended to collect herbs only in a recreational zone and a zone of informative tourism, and in oak and birch forests. Convallaria majalis, Pteridium aquilinum, Aegopodium podagraria, Polygonatum odoratum are less vulnerable when collecting medicinal raw materials.

While artificial farmland drainage has allowed the development of a highly productive agriculture, the availability of periodically flooded arable land as a niche habitat for a broad range of animal and vascular plant species has diminished. Accordingly, many species depending on temporary wetlands are endangered, already extinct or extirpated in Switzerland and other European countries. Some arable fields with temporary pools can still be observed in Switzerland. However, it is not known how suitable such small temporary ponds are as habitats in the modern, intensively-managed agricultural landscape, where disturbance rates are high, and connecting wetland habitats are scarce. We surveyed 120 fields across 10 hot spot regions for potential waterlogging in Switzerland, investigating the effect of temporary waterlogging on the diversity of arable plant and ground beetle species. Half of the fields were heavily influenced by waterlogging, while the other half represented conventional crop field controls. We found that wet fields exhibited a higher number of vascular plant and carabid species on average compared to control fields. This difference was explained by the presence of more hygrophilic plant and ground beetle species on wet fields. While we did find more hygrophilic species on wet fields, the threatened character species of temporary wetland habitats were mostly absent despite availability in regional species pools. These results suggest that temporary pools still provide the raw environmental characteristics that hygrophilic species require in the agricultural landscape. However, alternative management schemes are required to transform them into habitats that can effectively support high-priority, threatened species of temporary wetlands.

The diversity of plant species in 21 plots （5 000 km2） from Southern Hunan area was determined by calculating the indices of species diversity, richness, evenness, and dominance. Analysis included and diversity analyses with the Simpson （S）, Shannon-Wiener （SW）, Cody （C）, and Jaccard （J） Index. For rocky desert treatment and searching the regularities of growth and distribution of plant in rocky desert, applied with random quadrat sampling method and analysis by synthesis method. Results show there are overall presence of 63 families, 131 genera, and 173 species of vascular plants, 1） This included 15 families, 21 genera, and 24 species of trees; 34 families, 60 genera, and 74 species of shrubs; 32 families, 54 genera, and 63 species of herbs; 13 families, 22 genera, and 33 species of interlayer. 2） The shows that rocky desert area with low species richness （S = 0.796 9－0.936 1, SW = 2.104 7－3.274 6） and a simple community structure with individual species having a relatively uniform distribution but a higher community diversity. Species composition for the tree layer was greatest in the potential rocky desert area（S = 3.274 6 and SW = 0.936 1）. At the community level, most of the trees were in the potential rocky desert. 3） The showed that environmental differences between different sample plot. The C Index revealed that, form light to severe desert area has different numbers species, the similarity coefficient of different rocky desert spot decreased. The J Index of different level rocky shows the maximum is of 7.29 times to the minium. Conclusion which plants species are suitable in rocky desertification areas, contain the expansion trend of rocky desertification, improve the environment.［Ch, 1 fig. 3 tab. 25 ref.］

Saldaran protected region with about 14,000 hectares is located at longitude 50o34ʹE and latitude 32o4ʹN at 115 km of southwest of Shahr-e Kord City. This area is one of the important genetic resources in the Zagros Mountains. In the present study, floristic elements, life forms, chorological analysis, protected status, pasture and poisonous plants were investigated. All specimens were collected during all vegetation seasons and in several stages from March 2015 to July 2017. A total of 267 species, 190 genera, and 56 families were identified. The results show that 11 families, 41 genera, 51 species were monocotyledon, 44 families, 148 genera, and 215 species were dicotyledon and 1 species belonged to Pteridophyta. Based on life form data, the species were hemicryptophyte (41%), therophyte (35%), geophyte (16%), phanerophyte (5%), chamaephyte (2%) and parasite (1%). In term of geographical distribution, Irano-Turanian chorotype was a major component (57%, 152 species) in this region. A total of 153 mono-regional, 61 bi-regional and 53 pluri-regional species were identified. In addition, 32 endemic, 106 pasture and 23 poisonous species were determined. In terms of protective status, the species were near threatened (47%) and endangered (3%). The data obtained from the present study is reported for the first time for Iran.