남한강 비내늪의 공사전후 관속식물상과 생태적 특성

Common and giant ragweed are important weeds of soybeans in Indiana. These two weeds respond differently to imazethapyr POST treatments with common ragweed demonstrating more tolerance than giant ragweed. Both plants show initial susceptibility to imazethapyr, but common ragweed can regrow 10 to 14 days following herbicide application. Laboratory studies were conducted to determine the factors that contribute to the differential control of common and giant ragweed with imazethapyr. Differential absorption was observed at 72 h, with common ragweed absorbing 52% of the applied14C-imazethapyr and giant ragweed absorbing 39%. The absorption of radioactivity was the same for both species by 672 h. Imazethapyr exhibited both xylem and phloem mobility by translocating both acropetally and basipetally from a treated leaf in giant and common ragweed. A higher percentage of the absorbed radioactivity accumulated in the lower foliage and roots of giant ragweed than common ragweed by 336 h. The rate of imazethapyr metabolism in common ragweed was greater than in giant ragweed. At 336 h, 81 and 68% of the identified radioactivity in the treated leaf was imazethapyr metabolites in common and giant ragweed, respectively. A higher level of the inactive glucose conjugate metabolite was found in the lower plant and root tissues of common ragweed than in giant ragweed. The differential control of common and giant ragweed with foliar applications of imazethapyr was attributed to differences in both translocation and metabolism.

The purpose of this study is to collect the raw data for conservation of plant ecosystem by surveying and analysing the flora of Mt. Geumgok located in Gyeongju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea. The flora were summarized as 453 taxa including 91 families, 298 genera, 397 species, 4 subspecies, 46 varieties and 6 forms. The rare plants designated by Korea Forest Service were 3 taxa such as Eranthis byunsanensis B.Y.Sun, Potentilla discolor Bunge and Iris odaesanensis Y.N.Lee. The Korean endemic plants were 6 taxa such as Carpinus laxiflora (Siebold & Zucc.) Blume, Eranthis byunsanensis B.Y.Sun, Philadelphus schrenkii Rupr., Lespedeza maritima Nakai, Vicia chosenensis Ohwi and Weigela subsessilis (Nakai) L.H.Bailey. The specific plants by floristic region were 36 taxa such as Pinus koraiensis Siebold & Zucc., Salix chaenomeloides Kimura, Anemone raddeana Regel, Chloranthus japonicus Siebold, Euphorbia pekinensis Rupr., Ilex macropoda Miq., Ajuga multiflora Bunge, Saussurea odontolepis Sch.Bip. ex Herd, Viola orientalis (Maxim.) W.Becker, Betula davurica Pall., Vitex negundo var. incisa (Lam.) C.B.Clarke and Cimicifuga heracleifolia Kom.. The naturalized plants were 36 taxa such as Fallopia dumetorum (L.) Holub, Lepidium apetalum Willd., Robinia pseudoacacia L., Trifolium repens L., Euphorbia supina Raf., Ipomoea purpurea Roth, Veronica persica Poir., Bidens pilosa L., Carduus crispus L., Xanthium canadense Mill., Bromus unioloides H.B.K. and Festuca arundinacea Schreb.. The invasive alien plants were 2 taxa such as Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. and Aster pilosus Willd.. The ratios of the urbanized index(UI), the naturalized index(NI) and the disturbed index(DI) were 11.2%, 7.9% and 18.2% each.

Department of Horticultural Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, KoreaAbstract - This study was carried out to survey the vascular plants of Namhan River located in Chungju-si, and the period of survey was from June, 2010 to June, 2011. The results are as follows. The vascular plants distributed in Neungam, Mokgye and Jangcheon around Namhan river were summarized as 225 taxa including 52 families, 164 genera, 200 species, 23 varieties and 2 forms. The rare plant designated by Korea Forest Service was Aristolochia contorta Bunge, and the endemic plant was identified as Salix koriyanagi Kimura. The specific plants by floristic region were 7 taxa including Salix chaenomeloides Kimura, Aristolochia contorta Bunge, Actinostemma lobatum Maxim., Artemisia selengensis Turcz., Cirsium pendulum Fisch., Alisma plantago-aquatic var. orientale Samuels. and Carex versicaria L.. The naturalized plants were 47 taxa including Fallopia dumetorum (L.) Holub., Chenopoidum album L., Silene armeria L., Brassica juncea (L.) Czern., Melilotus alba Medicus, Trifolium pratense L., Oenothera erythrosepala Borbas, Ipomoea hederacea var. integriuscula A.Gray, Bidens frondosa L., Matricaria inodora L., Xanthium canadense Mill., Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. and so forth. In life forms, megaphanerophytes (M) were 13 taxa, 13 taxa in nanophanerophytes (N), 14 taxa inchamaiphytes (Ch), 40 taxa in hemicryptophytes (H), 20 taxa in geophytes (G), 103 taxa in therophytes (Th) and 22 taxa in hydrophytes (HH). The ratios of the naturalized index (NI), the urbanized index (UI) and the disturbed index (DI) were 20.9%, 14.6% and 18.2% in all sites.

The purpose of this study is to offer the raw data for establishing the management and restoration plan by objective surveying and analysing the flora distributed in Seoak District, Gyeongju National Park, Korea. The flora summarized as 411 taxa including 92 families, 285 genera, 363 species, 2 subspecies, 41 varieties and 5 forms. The rare plants designated by Korea Forest Service were 2 taxa including Exochorda serratifolia and Potentilla discolor. The Korean endemic plants were 3 taxa including Philadelphus schrenkii, Lespedeza maritima and Weigela subsessilis. The specific plants by floristic region were 16 taxa including Asplenium sarelii, Pyrrosia petiolosa, Vitex negundo var. incisa and so forth. The target plants adaptable to climate change were 2 taxa including Lespedeza maritima and Carpesium macrocephalum, and the plants with approval for delivering oversea were 4 taxa including Exochorda serratifolia, Glycine soja, Lespedeza maritima and Weigela subsessilis. The naturalized plants were 51 taxa including Phytolacca americana, Viola papilionacea, Lamium purpureum and so forth. The invasive alien plants were 3 taxa including Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Aster pilosus and Lactuca scariola. NI(Naturalized Index) was 12.4% of all 411 taxa of surveyed flora in this study and UI(Urbanized Index) was 15.9% of all 321 taxa of naturalized plants in Korea. Potentilla discolor in rare plant, Philadelphus schrenkii in endemic plant and Dictamnus dasycarpus in specific plant were established the conservation plan. Whereas, invasive alien plants such as Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Aster pilosus and Lactuca scariola should be removed as soon as possible. The damaged sites in Seoak District were divided between wildfire area and farmland. To restore a forest fire site, we will have to apply a natural renewal and community planting. In case of farmland, we will have to do ecological planting using native species and constrcut a forest wetland.

This study is carried out to offer raw data and establish strategy for conservation and restoration of river ecosystem by objective surveying and analysing the flora and vegetation distributed in Hwang river, Gyeongsangnam-do. The flora identified in this site were 406 taxa including 95 families, 252 genera, 360 species, 3 subspecies, 40 varieties and 3 forms. The rare plants were 3 taxa including Sagittaria sagittifolia subsp. leucopetala, Hydrocharis dubia and Acorus calamus. The endemic plants were 4 taxa including Populus tomentiglandulosa, Salix koriyanagi, Paulownia coreana and Weigela subsessilis. The specific plants by floristic region were 17 taxa including Salix siuzevii, Poncirus trifoliata, Potamogeton maackianus and so forth. The naturalized plants were 39 taxa including Phytolacca americana, Chenopodium glaucum, Lepidium virginicum, Oenothera erythrosepala, Xanthium canadense, Lolium multiflorum and so forth. The invasive alien plants were Ambrosia artemisiifolia and Ambrosia trifida. The whole NI and UI were each 9.6% and 13.9%. The hydrophytes were 27 taxa including Marsilea quadrifolia, Nymphaea tetragona, Ceratophyllum demersum, Trapa japonica and so forth. In the results of growth forms of the hydrophytes, emergent species were 14 taxa, 3 taxa of floating-leaved species, 4 taxa of free-floating species and 6 taxa of submerged species. The dominant vegetations were Salix spp. community, Miscanthus sacchariflorus community, Phragmites japonica community and Phragmites communis community.

본 조사는 강원도 영월군 응봉산의 관속식물 분포를 밝히기 위해 2011년 4월부터 10월에 걸쳐 이루어졌으며, 본 조사를 통해 확인된 소산 관속식물은 89과 288속 405종 3아종 43변종 7품종으로 총 458분류군으로 확인되었다. 한국특산식물은 고려엉겅퀴, 각시서덜취, 참배암차즈기, 홀아비바람꽃, 외대으아리, 할미밀망, 은사시나무(재), 개수양버들, 키버들, 누른괭이눈, 고광나무, 참좁쌀풀, 청괴불나무, 병꽃나무 오동나무, 점현호색 등 16분류군으로 확인되었으며, 산림청지정 희귀식물은 개서어나무, 홀아비바람꽃, 너도바람꽃, 쥐방울덩굴, 도깨비부채, 참좁쌀풀, 꽃개회나무, 나도개감채, 금강애기나리, 참배암차즈기 등 총 10분류군이 확인되었다. 식물구계학적 특정종은 I 등급종이 39분류군, II 등급종이 14분류군, III 등급종이 19분류군, IV 등급종이 14분류군, V 등급종이 1분류군으로 총 87분류군이 확인되었다. 귀화식물은 8과 28분류군으로 조사되었으며, 이는 밝혀진 전체 소산 식물목록 중 약 6.1%를 차지하고 있었다. 귀화식물은 군락을 형성하지 않은 상태로 주변 식생에 큰 영향을 주지 못하는 것으로 확인되었다. This study was carried out to illuminate the floras of vascular plants of Mt. Eungbongsan in Yeongwol-gun. This study was conducted from April to October, 2011. Based on the voucher specimens, vascular plants in this area consisted of 89 families, 288 genera, 405 species, 3 subspecies, 43 varieties, and 7 forms, totally 458 taxa. 16 species were endemic to Korea such as Cirsium setidens, Saussurea macrolepis, Salvia chanroenica, Anemone koraiensis, Clematis brachyura, Clematis trichotoma, Populus tomentiglandulosa, Salix dependens, Salix koriyanagi, Chrysosplenium flaviflorum, Philadelphus schrenckii, Lysimachia coreana, Lonicera subsessilis, Weigela subsessilis, Paulownia coreana, and Corydalis maculata. Ten taxa were rare plants as designated by Korea Forest Service such as Anemone koraiensis, Eranthis stellata, Aristolochia contorta, Rodgersia podophylla, Lysimachia coreana, Syringa wolfii, Lloydia triflora, Streptopus ovalis, Salvia chanroenica, and Carpinus tshonoskii. Plants specially designated by the Ministry of Environment in phytogeographic categories totaled 87 taxa including 39 taxa of grade I, 14 taxa of grade II, 19 taxa of grade III, 14 taxa of grade IV and 1 taxon grade V. Naturalized plants consisted of 8 families with 28 taxa that made up 6.1% of the total vascular plants in this area. Naturalized plants have not strongly influenced the Mt. Eungbongsan vegetation.

Glyphosate and 2,4-D have been commonly used for control of common and giant ragweed before planting of corn and soybean in the midwestern United States. Because these herbicides are primarily applied in early spring, environmental factors such as temperature may influence their efficacy. The objectives of this study were to (1) evaluate the influence of temperature on the efficacy of 2,4-D or glyphosate for common and giant ragweed control and the level of glyphosate resistance and (2) determine the underlying physiological mechanisms (absorption and translocation). Glyphosate-susceptible (GS) and glyphosate-resistant (GR) common and giant ragweed biotypes from Nebraska were used for glyphosate dose–response studies, and GR biotypes were used for 2,4-D dose–response studies conducted at two temperatures (day/night [d/n]; low temperature [LT]: 20/11 C d/n; high temperature [HT]: 29/17 C d/n). Results indicate improved efficacy of 2,4-D or glyphosate at HT compared with LT for common and giant ragweed control regardless of susceptibility or resistance to glyphosate. The level of glyphosate resistance decreased in both the species at HT compared with LT, primarily due to more translocation at HT. More translocation of 2,4-D in GR common and giant ragweed at HT compared with LT at 96 h after treatment could be the reason for improved efficacy. Similarly, higher translocation in common ragweed and increased absorption and translocation in giant ragweed resulted in greater efficacy of glyphosate at HT compared with LT. It is concluded that the efficacy of 2,4-D or glyphosate for common and giant ragweed control can be improved if applied at warm temperatures (29/17 C d/n) due to increased absorption and/or translocation compared with applications during cooler temperatures (20/11 C d/n).

The vascular plants of major sites in Changwon-si were listed 456 taxa (9.3% of all 4,881 taxa of vascular plants); 112 families, 293 genera, 371 species, 2 subspecies, 66 varieties and 17 forms. The vascular plants of Changwon-cheon were listed 133 taxa, Junam reservoir were listed 90 taxa, Seongju-sa were listed 293 taxa, and Yungji park were listed 164 taxa. Divided into 456 taxa; woody plants were 160 taxa (35.1%) and herbaceous plants were 296 taxa (64.9%). Furthermore, therophytes (Th) were 111 taxa (24.3%), hemicryptophytes (H) were 75 taxa (16.4%), megaphanerophytes (MM) were 63 taxa (13.8%) showed high proportional ratio in life form. Based on the list of rare plants by the Korea Forest Service and Korea National Arboretum, 10 taxa (1.8% of all 571 taxa of rare plants); Aristolochia contorta (LC), Euryale ferox (VU), Melothrua japonica (LC), Utricularia pilosa (CR), Hydrocharis dubia (LC), Carex idzuroei (DD), Acorus calamus var. angustatus (LC), etc. Based on the list of endemic plants by the Korea National Arboretum, 10 taxa (3.0% of all 328 taxa of endemic plants); Salix pseudolasiogyne, Philadelphus incanus, Indigofera koreana, Lespedeza <TEX>${\times}$</TEX> maritima, Stewartia pseudocamellia, Weigela subsessilis, Carex okamotoi, etc. Based on the list of specific plants by floral region were total 43 taxa (4.0% of all 1,071 taxa of specific plants); 4 taxa (Euryale ferox, Hydrocharis dubia, Carex idzuroei, etc.) in class IV, 9 taxa (Ilex crenata, Acer palmatum, Stewartia pseudocamellia, Melothria japonica, Fatsia japonica, etc.) in class III, 3 taxa (Caltha palustris var. membranacea, Nymphoides indica, etc.) in class II, 26 taxa (Cyrtomium fortunei, Chloranthus japonicus, Quercus variabilis, Ulmus parvifolia, Aphananthe aspera, etc.) in class I. Based on the list of naturalized plants, 48 taxa (Rumex crispus, Chenopodium album var. album, Amaranthus patulus, Phytolacca american, Brassica juncea var. integrifolia, Potentilla paradoxa, Robinia pseudoacacia, Euphorbia maculata, Oenothera odorata, Cuscuta pentagona, Veronica persica, Plantago lanceolata, Diodia teres, Helianthus tuberosus, Dactylis glomerata, etc.), naturalization rate was 10.5% of all 456 taxa of vascular plants and urbanization index was 15.0% of all 321 taxa of naturalized plants. Ecosystem disturbing wild plants were 3 taxa (Rumex acetocella, Solanum carolinense, Ambrosia artemisiifolia).

The purpose of this study is to offer the raw data for conserving the biodiversity of urban ecosystem by objective surveying and analysing the vascular plants distributed in major sites of Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do. The results are as follows. The numbers of vascular plants were summarized as 522 taxa including 110 families, 314 genera, 459 species, 4 subspecies, 46 varieties and 13 forms. The rare plants were 5 taxa including Aristolochia contorta, Drosera rotundifolia, Potentilla discolor, Viola albida and Hydrocharis dubia. The endemic plants were 13 taxa including Salix koriyanagi, Carpinus laxiflora, Stewartia pseudocamellia, Weigela subsessilis and so forth. The specific plants by floristic region were 30 taxa including Caltha palustris, Caryopteris incana, Ilex macropoda, Monochoria korsakowii and so forth. The naturalized plants were 44 taxa including Phytolacca americana, Lepidium virginicum, Solanum americanum, Aster subulatus var. sandwicensis, Panicum dichotomiflorum and so forth. The invasive alien plants were 5 taxa including Sicyos angulatus, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Ambrosia trifida, Aster pilosus and Paspalum distichum.

The purpose of this study was to offer the basic data for conservation of wetland ecosystem by surveying and analysing the vascular plants distributed in Hwapocheon wetland, Gimhae, Gyeongnam, Korea. The numbers of vascular plants were summarized as 292 taxa including 72 families, 192 genera, 262 species, 1 subspecies, 26 varieties and 3 forms. There were 34 taxa of hydrophytes, 23 taxa of emergent plants, 4 taxa of floating-leaved plants, 5 taxa of free-floating plants and 5 taxa of submerged plants. The rare plants were 7 taxa including Aristolochia contorta , Penthorum chinense, Prunus yedoensis( planting), Ixeris tamagawaensis, Hydrocharis dubia , Iris ensata var. spontanea (planting), Acorus calamus and so forth. The Korean endemic plants were 2 taxa including Salix koriyanagi and Salix pseudolasiogyne. The specific plants by floristic region were 19 taxa including 2 taxa of grade Ⅴ, 1 taxa of grade Ⅳ, 5 taxa of grade Ⅲ, 2 taxa of grade Ⅱ and 9 taxa of grade Ⅰ. The naturalized plants were 62 taxa including Chenopodium album, Astragalus sinicus, Helianthus tuberosus, Panicum dichotomiflorum and so forth. The plants that were expected to spread nationwide were 14 taxa includ-ing Cerastium glomeratum, Bidens frondosa, Tagetes minuta, Festuca arundinacea and so forth. The invasive alien plants were 6 taxa including Rumex acetosella , Sicyos angulatus, Ambrosia artemisiifolia , Ambrosia trifida , Aster pilosus and Lactuca scariola .

본 연구는 한남정맥의 중점조사지역에 분포하는 관속식물상을 객관적으로 조사 및 분석함으로써 한국의 자연환경을 평가하기 위한 기초자료 및 자연자원 정보 구축을 위해 수행되었다. 식물상은 102과 300속 428종 4아종 50변종 6품종 등 488분류군이다. 희귀식물은 쥐방울덩굴, 태백제비꽃, 이팝나무, 왜박주가리 등 4분류군이다. 한국특산식물은 키버들, 외대으아리, 할미밀망, 고광나무, 오동나무, 병꽃나무, 고려엉겅퀴 등 7분류군이다. 식물구계학적 특정식물은 29분류군으로, IV등급은 1분류군, III등급은 3분류군, II등급은 5분류군, I등급은 20분류군이다. 귀화식물은 큰닭의덩굴, 돌소리쟁이, 뚱딴지, 오리새, 큰조아재비 등 52분류군이다. 생태계교란야생식물은 애기수영, 가시박, 돼지풀, 단풍잎돼지풀, 미국쑥부쟁이, 서양등골나물, 가시상추 등 7분류군이다. The purpose of this study is to construct the information of natural resources and the basic data for assessing the Korean natural environment by objective surveying and analysing vascular plants distributed in the main survey sites of Hannam-Jeongmaek. The vascular plants were summarized, numbering 488 taxa including 102 families, 300 genera, 428 species, 4 subspecies, 50 varieties and 6 forms. The rare plants were 4 taxa including Aristolochia contorta(LC), Viola albida(LC), Chionanthus retusus(LC) and Tylophora floribunda(VU). The Korean endemic plants were 7 taxa including Salix koriyanagi, Clematis brachyura, Clematis trichotoma, Philadelphus schrenckii, Paulownia coreana, Weigela subsessilis and Cirsium setidens. The specific plants by floristic region were 29 taxa including 1 taxa of grade IV, 3 taxa of grade III, 5 taxa of grade II and 20 taxa of grade I. The naturalized plants were 52 taxa including Fallopia dentatoalata, Rumex obtusifolius, Helianthustuberosus, Dactylis glomerata, Phleum pratense and so forth. The invasive alien plants were 7 taxa including Rumex acetosella, Sicyos angulatus, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Ambrosia trifida, Aster pilosus, Eupatorium rugosum and Lactuca scariola.

The vascular plants in the Ohseosan and the Bongsusan, Chungnam were listed 439 taxa (9.0% of all 4,881 taxa of vascular plants); 95 families, 268 genera, 339 species, 5 subspecies, 75 varieties and 20 forms. Furthermore, the Ohseosan were listed 339 taxa and the Bongsusan were listed 306 taxa. So, Hemicryptophytes (H) were 107 taxa (24.4%), Therophytes (Th), Geophytes (G) same as were 82 taxa (18.7%) showed high proportional ratio in life form. Based on the list of rare plants, 4 taxa; Aristolochia contorta, Viola albida, Scutellaria insignis (LC) and Scrophularia koraiensis (DD) and endemic plants, 8 taxa; Aconitum pseudolaeve, Ajuga spectabilis, etc. Based on the list of specific plants, 35 taxa; Wisteria floribunda for. floribunda in class IV, 5 taxa (Scutellaria insignis, Scrophularia koraiensis, etc.) in class III, 5 taxa (Acer triflorum, Cymopterus melanotilingia, etc.) in class II, 24 taxa (Pyrus ussuriensis var. ussuriensis, Campanula punctata, etc.) in class I. Based on the list of naturalized plants, 9 families, 20 genera, 24 taxa (Persicaria orientalis, Carduus crispus, etc.) and ecosystem disturbing plants were Rumex acetocella, Ambrosia artemisiifolia. Naturalization rate was 5.5% of all 439 taxa of vascular plants and urbanization index was 7.5% of all 321 taxa of naturalized plants. In particular, for rare plants, in and ex-situ conservation of genetic resources must surely be done, by preserving present natural habitats, discovering additional natural habitats and securing seeds. Moreover, ecosystem disturbing plants require long-term monitoring and consistent management, since not only do they disturb the ecosystem in competition with Korean native species, but damage humans, too.

Common ragweed [Ambrosia artemisiifoliaL. # AMBEL (2n=36)] and giant ragweed[A. trifidaL. # AMBTR (2n=24)] are two abundant annuals that are widespread throughout northeastern North America. They are also the main cause of hay fever in Eastern Canada. The formation of a hybrid between the two species has been reported only once and just one type of hybrid was recovered; namely, common ragweed × giant ragweed. In order to create additional suitable material for future studies of the biochemical features characterizing the allergenic pollen, the production of reciprocal hybrids between common and giant ragweed was attempted. A number of hybrid plants derived from crosses of the type common ragweed × giant ragweed were easily obtained; the reciprocal crosses, however, failed to produce viable plants. In this last case, evidence of postzygotic barriers of interspecific incompatibility were shown by the presence of underdeveloped embryos contained in the few seeds recovered. Embryo culture techniques, therefore, were used in order to bypass such barriers. By this method fifteen plants of hybrid constitution survived to maturity.

The vascular plants in Bukhansan Dulegil, Jingwan-dong Wetland and Bukhan-dong Cheolgeoji were listed 432 taxa (8.9% of all 4,881 taxa of vascular plants); 95 families, 274 genera, 345 species, 2 subspecies, 69 varieties and 16 forms. Divided into woody plants were 145 taxa (33.6%) and herbaceous plants were 287 taxa (66.4%). The Bukhansan Dulegil were listed (Myeongsang-gil 159 taxa, Huingureum-gil 227 taxa, Wooyiryeong-gil 216 taxa, Banghakdong-gil 139 taxa, Boru-gil 199 taxa), Jingwan-dong Wetland were listed 147 taxa and Bukhan-dong Cheolgeoji were listed 129 taxa. Based on the list of rare plants by Korea Forest Service and Korea National Arboretum were Viola albida Palibin (Violaceae), Iris minutiaurea Makino (Iridaceae) and Korea National Arboretum were endemic plants, Philadelphus schrenkii Rupr. var. schrenkii (Saxifragaceae), Weigela subsessilis L.H. Bailey (Caprifoliaceae). Based on the list of floristic regional indicator plants by Korean Ministry of Environment were total 22 taxa; Wisteria floribunda DC. for. floribunda in class IV, 3 taxa (Betula davurica Pall., Mukdenia rossii Koidz., Glechoma grandis Kuprian., etc.) in class III, 5 taxa (Acer triflorum Kom., Viola orientalis W. Becker, Heloniopsis koreana Fuse & Al., etc.) in class II and 13 taxa (Camptosorus sibiricus Rupr., Clematis patens C. Morren & Decne., Cirsium pendulum Fisch. ex DC., etc.) in class I. Based on the list of naturalized plants, 16 families, 35 genera, 37 species, 3 varieties, 1 form, total 41 taxa (Rumex crispus L., Abutilon theophrasti Medicus, Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. etc.), naturalization rate was 9.5% of all 432 taxa of vascular plants and urbanization index was 13.3% of all 309 taxa of naturalized plants. Ecosystem disturbing wild plants were 5 taxa; Rumex acetocella L., Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., Ambrosia trifida L. var. trifida, Eupatorium rugosum Houtt., Aster pilosus Willd.

The vascular plants of Mt. Anam (Cheorwon-gun, Gangwon-do) area adjacent to the Korean demilitarized zone