Abstract
We study nonequilibrium steady states in a holographic superconductor under time periodic driving by an external rotating electric field. We obtain the dynamical phase diagram. Superconducting phase transition is of first or second order depending on the amplitude and frequency of the external source. The rotating electric field decreases the superconducting transition temperature. The system can also exhibit a first order transition inside the superconducting phase. It is suggested this transition exists all the way down to zero temperature. The existence of nonequilibrium thermodynamic potential for such steady solutions is also discussed from the holographic point of view. The current induced by the electric field is decomposed into normal and superconducting components, and this makes it clear that the superconducting one dominates in low temperatures.
Highlights
Understanding nonequilibrium dynamics in strongly correlated quantum many-body systems is one of the most significant problems in condensed matter physics
We study nonequilibrium steady states in a holographic superconductor under time periodic driving by an external rotating electric field
We study Floquet states in a superconductor using the tools of the AdS=CFT correspondence, known as holography [3–5]
Summary
Understanding nonequilibrium dynamics in strongly correlated quantum many-body systems is one of the most significant problems in condensed matter physics. In the study of Floquet superconductors, one of the most striking consequences is the “enhancement” of superconductivity: irradiation of a laser to superconductors can increase the transition temperature This enhancement has been theoretically predicted by Eliashberg in Ref. [17] directly treated the (1 þ 1)-dimensional partial differential equations under periodic driving by a linearly polarized electric field and studied the time evolution and relaxation of superconducting order parameters. We find qualitatively different temperature dependence of the superconducting order parameter hO2i, typical examples of which are shown in the insets in the bottom of the figure These represent different phase-transition behaviors in A, B and C. The first order superconducting transition in the presence of the time-dependent external field has been theoretically predicted in Refs.
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